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1、ReviewArticleTheHumanFetalVenousSystemNormalEmbryologic,Anatomic,andPhysiologicCharacteristicsandDevelopmentalAbnormalitiesSozosJ.Fasouliotis,MD,ReuvenAchiron,MD,ZviKivilevitch,MD,SimchaYagel,MDObjective.Theintroductionofhigh-resolutionultrasonographycombinedwith
2、color-codedDopplerimagingofferedabreakthroughintheevaluationofthehumanfetalvenoussystem,considerablyenhancingourunderstandingoffetalvenouscirculationinnormalphysiologicconditions,aswellasprovidingustheabilitytostudycirculatorychangesinabnormalcircumstances.Thepur
3、poseofthisstudywastodescribethenormalanatomicdevelopmentandcomplexofanomaliesofthehumanfetalvenoussystemandtoreviewrecentlypublishedseriesoftheseanomalies.Methods.Normalembryologicandanatomicdevelopmentisdescribed.AnEnglishlanguageliteraturesearchofrecentMEDLINEl
4、istingswasperformedtogleandatafromrecentlypublishedseriesreportingprenataldiag-nosisofthevariousanomaliesandtheirassociatedmalformations.Results.Anomaliesofthehumanfetalvenoussystemoccursporadically,oftenassociatedwithcardiacorothermalformations.Thepathophysiolog
5、icmechanismsleadingtoabnormalinuterodevelopmentofthehumanvenoussys-temremainlargelyundetermined.Onthebasisofthetypeofveininvolved,embryologicprecursor,andetiologiccorrelation(primaryorsecondary),classificationinto4majorgroupsisdescribed.Conclusions.Prenatalevalua
6、tionoffetusesfoundtohaveanomaliesofthevenoussystemshouldincludeacarefulsearchforcardiacanomalies,includingpulmonaryvenousdrainage,andadetailedanatomicsurveyoftheumbilical,portal,hepatic,andductalsystemstodetermineaberrantcommu-nicationand,ifpossible,todiscoverclu
7、estosystemicdiseasesorthromboembolicphenomena.Keywords:anomalies;fetalvenoussystem;prenataldiagnosis.AbbreviationsecentdevelopmentsinultrasonographicPAPVC,partialanomalouspulmonaryvenousconnec-imaging,includingthedevelopmentofhigh-tion;TAPVC,totalanomalouspulmona
8、ryvenouscon-nectionresolutionultrasonographycombinedwithRcolor-codedDopplerimaging,facilitatepre-ReceivedMarch28,2002,fromtheDepartmentofnataldiagnosisoffetalm
