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1、ARTICLEINPRESSEnergyPolicy33(2005)1397–1407PoliciesandmarketfactorsdrivingwindpowerdevelopmentintheUnitedStatesa,bcbLoriBird*,MarkBolinger,TroyGagliano,RyanWiser,caMatthewBrown,BrianParsonsaNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,EnergyAnalysisOf?ce,1617Col
2、eBoulevard,Golden,CO80401,USAbLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,1CyclotronRoad,MS90-4000,Berkeley,CA94720,USAcNationalConferenceofStateLegislatures,7700EastFirstPlace,Denver,CO80230,USAAbstractIntheUnitedStates,therehasbeensubstantialrecentgrowthinwi
3、ndenergygeneratingcapacity,withgrowthaveraging24percentannuallyduringthepast?veyears.About1700MWofwindenergycapacitywasinstalledin2001,whileanother410MWbecameoperationalin2002.During2003,developmentactivityhasremainedstrong,withanestimated1600MWofcapa
4、cityinstalled.Withthisgrowth,anincreasingnumberofStatesareexperiencinginvestmentinwindenergyprojects:currentlyabouthalfofallStateshostatleastonewindpowerproject.Thispaperexploresthekeyfactorsatplayinthe12Statesinwhichasubstantialamountofwindenergycapa
5、cityhasbeendevelopedorplanned.Someofthefactorsthatareexaminedincludepolicydrivers,suchasRenewablePortfolioStandards(RPS),FederalandState?nancialincentives;aswellasmarketdrivers,suchasconsumerdemandforgreenpower,naturalgaspricevolatility,andwholesalema
6、rketrules.r2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Renewableenergypolicy;Windenergydevelopment;Windenergymarkets1.IntroductionofStatesareexperiencinginvestmentinwindenergyprojects.CurrentinstallationsarespreadamongmoreInstalledwindpowercapacityinth
7、eUnitedStateshasthan25States,althoughthevastmajorityofcapacityisacceleratedinrecenttimes,withanaverageannualconcentratedinfewerthanhalfofthoseStates.1growthrateof24percentduringthepast?veyears.ByThispaperexploresthepoliciesandmarketfactorstheendof2002
8、,totalinstallationsreached4685MWthathavebeendrivingwindenergydevelopmentinthe(seeFig.1),whichplacedtheUnitedStatesthirdinwindUnitedStates,particularlyintheStatesthathavepowercapacityglobally,followingGermanyandSpainachievedasubstantialamountof
