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1、第一講翻譯的語境視角0.1.語境，即語言環(huán)境指的是運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行交際的具體場合。0.2.根據(jù)交際的原則，語言交際必須切合語言環(huán)境。0.3?當(dāng)代西方翻譯學(xué)?！鞍逊g視為重新語境化(recontextualization)”的過程。0.4.一詞多義的語言現(xiàn)象對于語境有著較大依賴關(guān)系，因此也有人將英語這種一詞多義的語言稱為語境依賴性語言(contextdependentlanguage)o0.5.這種一詞一義的詞匯特征就使得漢語詞匯對上下文的依賴性要比英語小得多，獨(dú)立性也大得多。0.6.語境因素可分為九種主要類型。1?1語篇1.1.1.語篇語境(t
2、extualcontext),也可稱為語言語境(linguisticcontext內(nèi)語境(internalcontext),指詞語在語篇狀態(tài)下所處的語言環(huán)境。1.1?2.七個(gè)特征：銜接性(cohesion)＞連貫性(coherence)、意圖性(intentionality)>可接受性(acceptability)>信息性(informativity)、情境性(situationality)和互文性(intertextuality)1.1?3?五種銜接方式，即指稱(reference)＞替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsi
3、s)、連接(conjunction)和詞匯銜接(lexicalcohesion)1.1.4.語篇語境有近境（immediatecontext指特定語言成分的前言后語）和遠(yuǎn)境（remotecontext指特定詞語與相關(guān)詞語在語篇中的空間距離較遠(yuǎn)）之分。例如:1??..andIamcertainIheardalaugh,andastrangeone.(Bronte,1847/1996:184)1.Shekissedme,andIher,...(op.(D我肯定聽到一聲笑，而且是一聲怪笑。(上海譯文版《簡諼》:15力(0她吻了我，我也吻了她。2.
4、Theafternoonwaswetandsomewhatmisty:...(twoparagraphsomitted)Iwasstiffwithlongsitting,andbewilderedwiththenoiseandmotionofthecoach:gatheringmyfaculties,Ilookedaboutme.Rain，wind,anddarknessfilledtheair;...wewentupabroadpebblypath,splashingwet、andwereadmittedatadoor;thenthese
5、rvantledmethroughapassageintoaroomwithafire,wheresheleftmealone.(Bronte,1847/1996:74-75)原譯:下午潮濕有點(diǎn)兒霧。坐了那么久，四肢都僵了，又給馬車的聲音和顛動(dòng)弄得迷迷糊糊；等到恢復(fù)正常以后，我向四下里看了看?？誥n氣中充滿了風(fēng)、雨、和黑暗;?…我們走上了一條寬闊的石子路，濺著水往前走，…（上海譯文版《簡?愛》：37-3$1.Theairwasclammycold,andforallthetightlyclosedwindowsitpenetratedthe
6、interiorofthecoach?Theleatherseatsfeltdamptothehands,andtheremusthavebeenasmallcrackintheroof,becausenowandagainlittledripsofrainfellsoftlythrough,smudgingtheleatherandleavingadark-bluestainlikeasplodgeofink.Thewindcameingusts,attimesshakingthecoachasittravelledroundtheben
7、doftheroad,andintheexposedplacesonthehighgrounditblewwithsuchforcethatthewholebodyofthecoachtrembledandswayed,rockingbetweenthehighwheelslikeadrunkenman.Thedriver^muffledinagreatcoattohisears,bentalmostdoubleinhisseatinafaintendeavourtogainshelterfromhisownshoulders,whilet
8、hedispiritedhorsesploddedsullenlytohiscommand,toobrokenbythewindandtheraintofeelthewhipth
