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1、TallBuildingStructureTallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforecclesiasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommerciala
2、ndresidentialpurposes.Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureontheavailablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuildings
3、arefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.Therapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconsequentp
4、ressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.Ideally,intheearlystagesofplannin
5、gabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheirrespectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.Acompromisebetweenconflictingdemandswillbealmosti
6、nevitable.Inallbuttheverytalleststructures,however,thestructuralarrangementwillbesubservienttothearchitecturalrequirementsofspacearrangementandaesthetics.Thetwoprimarytypesofverticalload-resistingelementsoftallbuildingsarecolumnsandwalls,thelatteractingeitherindepend
7、entlyasshearwallsorinassembliesasshearwallcores.Thebuildingfunctionwillleadnaturallytotheprovisionofwallstodivideandenclosespace,andofcorestocontainandconveyservicessuchaselevators.Columnswillbeprovided,inotherwiseunsupportedregions,totransmitgravityloadsand,insomety
8、pesofstructure,horizontalloadsalso.Theinevitableprimaryfunctionofthestructuralelementsistoresistthegravityloadingfromtheweightofthe
