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1、ChapterSixPragmaticsContentsCaseStudyTwokindsofmeaningWhatisPragmatics?Micropragmatics--Reference;Deixis;--Anaphora;PresuppositionMacropragmatics--Speechacttheory--TheCooperativePrinciple--ThePolitenessPrinciple--RelevanceTheory生，容易；死，容易；生活，不容易。我愛你一萬年。
2、男：你愛我嗎？女：我愛錢。Weboughtherdogbiscuits.CaseStudy41.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonphilosophy.2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.3.A:我?guī)У腻X不夠，今天買不了。B:那就下次再買吧。CaseStudyWhenadiplomatsaysyes,hemeans‘perhaps’;Whenhesaysperhaps,hemeans‘no’;Whe
3、nhesaysno,heisnotadiplomat.Whenaladysaysno,shemeans‘perhaps’;Whenshesaysperhaps,shemeans‘yes’;Whenshesaysyes,sheisnotalady.SentenceMeaningUtteranceMeaningItistheabstractcontext-independententitycalledsemanticproposition.Itistheliteralmeaningofasentence
4、.Itiscontext-dependent.Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext.Therefore,itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence.TwokindsofmeaningSentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?Dog!Mybagisheavy.I’mhungry.8DefinitionofPragmaticsThestudy
5、oflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.9Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudythemeaningofalinguisticform.Thedifference:whetherthefactorofcontextisconsidered.Ifititsnotconsidered,thestudyiscon
6、finedtosemantics.Ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.Pragmatics=Meaning－SemanticsSemanticsandPragmaticsMicropragmaticsReference(指稱/所指)Deixis（指示）Anaphora(回指)Presupposition(預(yù)設(shè)/前提)RefertoPages143-147.MacropragmaticsSpeechactthe
7、oryTheCooperativePrincipleThePolitenessPrincipleRelevanceTheory一名女子坐在公園的長(zhǎng)椅上。長(zhǎng)椅前面的草地上趴著一只狗。一名男子走了過來，在同一張長(zhǎng)椅上坐下。他試圖與那名女子搭訕：男：你的狗咬人嗎？女：不咬。（男子俯身去撫摸那只狗。狗一口咬住他的手。）男：哎喲！喂！你剛才還說你的狗不咬人。女：我的狗是不咬人，但這可不是我的狗。13SpeechActTheory言語行為理論JohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingsw
8、ithWords(1962)Speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances（如何以言行事）1.Igotupveryearlythismorning.2.Wearehavingaclassonlinguistics.3.I’msorryforbeinglate.4.Let’sgoandhaveadrink.1and2:constatives(述事話語/表述句)3and4:performatives(行事話語/施為句)14Constati
