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1、10DrugAnalysisbySPMEHeatherLordandBarbaraBojkoDepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada10.1IntroductionThestudyofsolid-phasemicroextraction(SPME)technologyfortheanalysisofdrugshasbeenpursuedfornearlytwodecades.Inthistime,significantadvanceshavebeenmadeinthetheoryandap
2、plicationofthetechnologyforboththerapeuticpharmaceuticalcompoundsanddrugsthatareabused.Ashasbeenseenforotherapplicationsofthetechnology,theprimaryattrac-tantsarethesimplifiednatureofSPME,resultinginreducedsamplehandlingandsolventuse,timeandcost.Initialapplicationsindruganalysiswereprimarilyfo
3、rforensicdrugs.Becausethesecompoundsaretypicallylesspolarandmorevolatile,theywerereadilyanalysablebyPDMS-coatedfibresinterfacedtogaschromatogra-phy(GC).Numerousapplicationsappearedontheanalysisofcompoundssuchastheamphetamines.Withtheintroductionofthesolidsorbentcoatings,primarilythedivinylben
4、zene(DVB)-relatedproducts,inthemid-1990s,abroaderrangeofdrugswereamenableforanalysis,openingupthefieldofapplicationtothesemi-volatiles,suchascocaineandthebenzodiazepines.Applicationtonon-volatiledrugsappearedsomewhatlater,partiallyduetothelimitedavailabilityofextrac-stionphasesforthesecompoun
5、dsonlytheCarbowaxtemplatedresin(CW/TPR)fibrewaswidelyapplicableandduetothemorecumbersomenatureofinterfacingSPMEwithcondensedphaseseparations.Inrecentyears,theselatterchallengeshavespurredmuchresearchinterestinthedevelopmentofimprovedphasesfornon-volatileextractionandstrategiesforinterfacing
6、SPMEwithliquidchromatography(LC)andcapillaryelectrophoresis(CE)separations.Thesedevel-opmentsarenowalsobearingthefruitofopeningthetechnologytotheanalysisofothercompoundsofbiomedicalandbiologicalinterest,suchasproteins,peptides,endogenousbiologicalcompoundsandbiomarkersofhealthstatus.Thischapt
7、erpresentsareviewoftheapplicationofSPMEtechnologytovariousaspectsofdrugandbiomedicalanalysis,alongwithpracticaldescriptionsofitsimplementationanduse.10.2FundamentalsofExtractionWhilethefundamentalsoftheextractionprocessdonotdifferbetweentheap
