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1、CoveringaNation:TheFutureofChina’sUniversalWelfareSystemHUMANsocietieshavelongstrivedtolookaftertheirmembersbeyondpersonaltiesandloyalties.InancientChina,thispursuitwasreferredtoasDatong,orthe“GrandUnion.”Confuciushimselfspokeonthesubjectanditsexistenceinprevioustimes,saying,“Mendidnotlovet
2、heirparentsonly,nortreataschildrenonlytheirownsons.Competentprovisionwassecuredfortheelderlytilltheirdeath,employmentfortheable-bodied,andthemeansofgrowinguptotheyoung.Theyshowedkindnessandcompassiontowidows,orphans,childlesselders,andthosewhoweredisabledbydisease,sothattheywereallsufficien
3、tlymaintained.”Today,wecallsuchaninstitution“socialwelfare,”andthegoalsaresimilar–toensurethebasicneedsandwell-beingofeveryoneinsociety.China’ssocialWelfaresystem7Thewelfarestateisbasedaroundasocialcontractbetweenthestate,employersandemployeesconcerningtheredistributionofincomesothatthebasi
4、cneedsofthemembersofasocietyaremet,universallyandfairly,whenfacedwithsituationssuchasaging,sickness,andunemployment.ThereareprimarilytwomodelsofsocialwelfaresystemsthatemergedintheyearsfollowingtheSecondWorldWar–theAnglo-SaxonmodelandtheContinentalmodel.Theyarestillaroundtoday.Intheformer,w
5、hichwaspioneeredbytheU.K.,stateassistanceisgenerallyalastresort.Thestatewillonlystepinoncethemarketandthefamilyhavefailedtosufficientlyprovideameansofliving.Thelatter,representedbyGermany,isbasedmoreonriskprevention.Everycountryhasitsownattitudetowardstheresponsibilitiesofthestateintermsofs
6、ocialwelfare,whicharedeeplyrootedinnativecultures.ThesocialwelfaresystemsoftheU.S.,JapanandAustraliacanallbeclassedundertheAngloSaxonmodel,whereasintheNordiccountries,the7coverageofsocialwelfareisevengreaterthanincountriesthatemploytheContinentalmodel.Morerecently,duringthe1980sanewmodelkno
7、wnasdevelopmentalwelfareemerged,whoseguidingprinciplesarepeopleparticipationanddevelopment.WhenitwasfirstestablishedaftertheSecondWorldWar,China’ssocialwelfaresystemfellmoreorlessundertheAnglo-Saxonmodel,largelyduetothemassiveinfluenceoftheUnitedStatesdu
