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1、英譯漢教程2ContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChinese2.3Englishvs.Chinese:TenPairsofFeatures2.3.1Syntheticvs.Analytic（綜合語(yǔ)與分析語(yǔ)）Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunction
2、words,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.ModernEnglishhasbecomeanalyticbutstillfrequentlyusessomehereditaryinflectionsfromOldEnglish（asyntheticlanguage）.Itisthereforeasynthetic-analyticlanguage（綜合-分析語(yǔ)）.Chineseisatypicalanalyticla
3、nguage（分析語(yǔ)）.Whenthewordsofalanguageareinflectiveinform,theyaresaidtobeassociativeinqualityandthereforesyntheticinconstruction.Ontheotherhand,wordsnotinflectiveinformareconsideredasisolatinginqualityandthereforeanalyticinconstruction.Inflection（變化詞形），wordorder（安排詞序）andtheuseoffunctionw
4、ords（運(yùn)用虛詞）areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.2.3.1.1Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectionalInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected（theendings-er,-est,denotingdegreesofcomparison,arebetterregardedasnon-inflectionalsuffixes）.Suchgrammaticalmeaningsaspartsofs
5、peech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,andnon-finiteverbs,canbeexpressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:theabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwit
6、hthehelpofwordorderandfunction（orother）words,e.g.1.Hemovedastonishinglyfast.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastoni
7、shedus.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.（Jespersen1924）他的行動(dòng)，快得驚人。他行動(dòng)的速度快得令人驚訝。他行動(dòng)速度之快，令人驚訝。他的快速行動(dòng)使我們感到驚訝。我們對(duì)他的快速行動(dòng)感到驚訝。2.Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他們告訴我，到（那年）年底
8、，他們?cè)谝?/p>
