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1、語(yǔ)言學(xué)筆記重點(diǎn)分享第一章2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二層性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelan
2、deachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phatic
3、communion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)第四章1．WhatisSyntax（句法）?Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句
4、法就是研究語(yǔ)言的不同成分組成句子的規(guī)則2．FourApproaches:Thetraditionalapproach傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)言觀(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范疇、Concordandgovernment一致關(guān)系和支配關(guān)系)、Thestructuralapproach結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)言觀、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能語(yǔ)言觀3．Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soi
5、tpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.4.PartsofspeechTraditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsa
6、ndinterjections.5．ThetermCategory范疇insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范疇這一術(shù)語(yǔ)狹義上是指詞類(lèi)和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:thecategoriesofthenoun名詞的范疇,includenumber,gender,caseandcounta
7、bility（case）;thecategoriesoftheverb動(dòng)詞的范疇:tense,aspect,voice,etc.6．Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名詞和不可數(shù)名詞.Twotermsofnumberinnouns:singularandplural單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs7.Genderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.InEnglish
8、,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiological
