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1、第一章??緒論1/Whatislinguistics?什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.?語(yǔ)言學(xué)是對(duì)語(yǔ)言科學(xué)地進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科。語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究并不是針對(duì)某一特定的語(yǔ)言，而是針對(duì)所有語(yǔ)言而言的。2/Thescopeoflinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇Thestudyoflanguageas
2、awholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.?把語(yǔ)言作為一個(gè)整體而進(jìn)行的全面的語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究一般稱為普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)。Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.對(duì)語(yǔ)言交際中聲音的研究稱為語(yǔ)音學(xué)。Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.對(duì)交際中語(yǔ)音的組合規(guī)律及傳達(dá)意義的方
3、式的研究稱為音系學(xué)。Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.對(duì)語(yǔ)素如何排列組合成單詞的研究稱為形態(tài)學(xué)。Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.對(duì)語(yǔ)詞形成句子的規(guī)則的研究稱為句法學(xué)。Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.對(duì)語(yǔ)言意義的研究稱為語(yǔ)
4、義學(xué)。Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.在語(yǔ)言使用的環(huán)境中對(duì)語(yǔ)言的意義進(jìn)行的研究稱為語(yǔ)用學(xué)。Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.對(duì)語(yǔ)言關(guān)于社會(huì)方面的研究稱為社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)。Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.對(duì)語(yǔ)言和心理的相互關(guān)系的
5、研究稱為心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)。Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeigna
6、ndsecondlanguage.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)）neurologicallinguistics,（神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）mathematicallinguistics,（數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）andcomputationallinguistics.（計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念?Prescriptiveanddescri
7、ptive規(guī)定與描寫Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Tra
8、ditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic共時(shí)和歷時(shí)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicst
