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1、木質(zhì)纖維素的酶水解Biologicalconversionofcellulosicbiomasstofuelsandchemicalsoffersthehighyieldstoproductsvitaltoeconomicsuccessandthepotentialforverylowcosts.Enzymatichydrolysisthatconvertslignocellulosicbiomasstofermentablesugarsmaybethemostcomplexstepinthisproce
2、ssduetosubstrate-relatedandenzyme-relatedeffectsandtheirinteractions.Althoughenzymatichydrolysisoffersthepotentialforhigheryields,higherselectivity,lowerenergycostsandmilderoperatingconditionsthanchemicalprocesses,themechanismofenzymatichydrolysisandthere
3、lationshipbetweenthesubstratestructureandfunctionofvariousglycosylhydrolasecomponentsisnotwellunderstood.Consequently,limitedsuccesshasbeenrealizedinmaximizingsugaryieldsatverylowcost.Thisreviewhighlightsliteratureontheimpactofkeysubstrateandenzymefeature
4、sthatinfluenceperformance,tobetterunderstandfundamentalstrategiestoadvanceenzymatichydrolysisofcellulosicbiomassforbiologicalconversiontofuelsandchemicals.Topicsaresummarizedfromapracticalpointofviewincludingcharacteristicsofcellulose(e.g.,crystallinity,d
5、egreeofpolymerizationandaccessiblesurfacearea)andsolubleandinsolublebiomasscomponents(e.g.,oligomericxylanandlignin)releasedinpretreatment,andtheireffectsontheeffectivenessofenzymatichydrolysis.Wefurtherdiscussthediversity,stabilityandactivityofindividual
6、enzymesandtheirsynergisticeffectsindeconstructingcomplexlignocellulosicbiomass.Advancedtechnologiestodiscoverandcharacterizenovelenzymesandtoimproveenzymecharacteristicsbymutagenesis,post-translationalmodificationandover-expressionofselectedenzymesandmodi
7、ficationsinlignocellulosicbiomassarealsodiscussed.基于酶水解技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上的纖維素乙醇生產(chǎn)技術(shù)是20世紀(jì)80年代生物質(zhì)技術(shù)的主要研究領(lǐng)域，自從20世紀(jì)70年代“能源危機”之后，美國能源部一直積極支持規(guī)模以上乙醇生產(chǎn)，并建立獨立部門用于管理和支持這項工作。21雖然通過纖維素酶水解纖維素生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的生物燃料和化學(xué)產(chǎn)品提供了更高的收益率，較高的選擇性，降低能源成本以及相對化學(xué)過程更溫和的操作條件等，但是這種技術(shù)在那個時代依然被判定為高風(fēng)險行業(yè)[1]。然而新興生物技術(shù)
8、為纖維素乙醇生產(chǎn)成本降低并使其更具有競爭性提供了重要的保證。改進的稀酸預(yù)處理方法和二戰(zhàn)時期發(fā)現(xiàn)的纖維素酶生產(chǎn)菌Trichodermareesei是20世紀(jì)80年代纖維素乙醇歷史性成本降低的主要原因[2-4]。RutgersUniversity通過經(jīng)典突變技術(shù)和菌種選育獲得了來源于野生型T.reeseiQM9414的著名纖維素生產(chǎn)菌株TrichodermareeseiRut30[5]。杰能科公司的纖維素酶150L非常高效是因為β
