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1、MachinesandMastitisRisk: AStorminaTeatcupGraemeMein,AustraliaDouglasReinemann,UW-Madison,USANormSchuring,Westfalia-Surge,USAIanOhnstad,ADAS,UKHerd&farmmanagementCowMilkingmanagementMachineFeedingHerdhealthCalvingareasMuddylanesCleanuddersYieldTeatcharacteristicsImmunesystemRelativeEffects
2、onMastitisEffectsofmilkingonnewinfectionrateMilkingmanagementMachineHygieneCalmcowsVisiblycleanteatsTimingofcupattachmentClusterremovaltechniqueTeatdisinfectionContaminationTeathealth/colonizationBacterialpenetration}Table1IDF,1987DispersingpathogensinudderFrequency/degreeofemptyingudder“
3、Whatpercentageofallinfectionsareduetomilkingmachinefactors?”(Eberhard,Montreal,1987)Rangeofresponses:“Wedon’treallyknow”“Probablyquitelow”“Anywherebetween0%and100%”MachinesandMastitisRisk:AStorminaTeatcup?MostnewinfectionsareduetofactorsotherthanthemachineMilkingmanagementMachineHygieneCa
4、lmcowsCleanteatsTeatdisinfectionClusterremovalTimingofcupsonContaminationTeathealth,colonizationLinerslip,roughremovalRPGs,othereffects???}6-20%InfectedQuarters(%)PeakMilkingRate(kg/qtr/min)Grindal&Hillerton,1991Extremeeffectsof thefirstthreemechanismsTeatcuplinersaredamp,drippyplacesandc
5、ontaminationofteatskiniscommonContaminationofteatskindoesnotnecessarilyleadtonewinfections:NIRsremainlowincontrolquartersofmostmilkingstudiesinvolvinghighbacterialchallengeTwootherinstructiveexamples...1.Contamination:Astorminateatcup?Highcyclicplushighirregularvacuumfluctuationsfailedtop
6、roducehighNIRsin:thefirstseriesofchallengeexperimentsintheUKwhenteatcupswerenotjoinedbyacommonclaw(Thieletal.1973)thesecondseriesofchallengeexperimentsinIrelandwhenastablelinerwasused(O’Shea&O’Callaghan,1978)ExamplesoflowNIRdespitehighbacterialchallenge1.Conclusions:contaminationAstormina
7、teatcup?Machine-inducedIMIsarelowintheabsenceofteatdamage(whichassistscolonizationinorneartheteatcanal)orhighlocalwinds(thatmightimpelpathogensintothecanal)Milkingmachineeffectsarelowrelativetotheeffectsofherdandmilkingmanagement2.Changingtheresistanceoftheteatcanal
