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1、1.1.IndoorCoverageWhyshouldindoorsolutionsbeused?·cellularcompetitionmovesindoors·subscribersexpectcontinuouscoverageandquality·outdoorcellsdonotprovidesufficientcoverageindoorsThebenefitsofindoorsolutionsarepointedoutinthefollowingpicture:1.1.1.BuildingLossesMobilenetwo
2、rksareincreasinglyexpectedtoprovidecoveragealsowithinbuildings.This,however,canrarelybemodelledwithapredictiontool,sinceapredictionwouldrequireaverydetaileddatabaseofbuildings.Thiswouldincludelocations,windoworientations,buildingmaterialsetc.Thereforesignallevelsinbuildi
3、ngsareestimatedbyapplyinganempiricallymeasured“buildingpenetrationloss”margin.Typicalvaluesare15..25dB.Thisvariesfromcountrytocountrywithtypicalarchitectureandbuildingmaterialsused.Signallevelswithinthesamebuildingarenotconstant.Therearebigdifferencesbetweenlocationsnear
4、anoutsidewindowand“deepindoor”situations,e.g.inhallways.1.1.1.BuildingPenetrationLossSignallevelsinbuildingsareestimatedbyapplyinga“buildingpenetrationloss”margin.Bigdifferencesbetweenroomswithwindowsand“deepindoor”exist(10..15dB).Signallossesforbuildingpenetrationvarygr
5、eatlywithbuildingmaterialsused,e.g.:meanvaluesigmareinforcedconcretewall,windows17dB9concretewall,nowindows30dB9concretewallwithinbuilding10dB7brickwall9dB6armedglass8dB6woodorplasterwall6dB6windowglass2dB6Nomajordifferencesexistfor900and1800MHz.Totalbuildingloss=addmedi
6、anvaluessuperimposestandarddeviationsadd(lognormal)marginforhigherprobabilities1.1.2.IncidentAnglePenetrationlossdependsheavilyonincidentangleoftheradiowave.E.g.measuredvaluesforarmedglassat1800MHz(typicalfacadeofofficebuilding):1.1.1.In-buildingPathLoss1.1.2.IndoorCover
7、ageSolutionsIndoorcoveragesolutionsincludethefollowingfeatures:·SmallBTSminiBTSPrimeSite·Repeatersactive,passiveoptical·Antennasdistributedantennasradiatingcable·Signaldistributionpowersplittersopticalfiber1.1.1.SummaryofIndoorSolutions1.1.2.RadiatingCable·Coaxialcablewi
8、thperforatedleads==>“energyleak”·Radiatinglosses10..40dBper100m·Couplinglosstypically55dB(at1mreference
