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1、小額信貸緩解農(nóng)戶正規(guī)信貸配給了嗎?——來自三個(gè)非政府小額信貸項(xiàng)目區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)程恩江,劉西川*本文得到了中國博士后基金項(xiàng)目“貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)戶正規(guī)信貸約束及其緩解的經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究”(資助編號(hào):20080441239)與國家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目“信貸約束與市場分割:基于微觀計(jì)量模型的經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究”(項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào):70903056)的資助,特此致謝。程恩江的作者單位為中國國際扶貧中心,浙江大學(xué)中國農(nóng)村發(fā)展研究院;劉西川的作者單位為浙江大學(xué)中國農(nóng)村發(fā)展研究院20小額信貸緩解農(nóng)戶正規(guī)信貸配給了嗎?——來自三個(gè)非政府小額信貸項(xiàng)目區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)摘要:與正規(guī)信貸
2、機(jī)構(gòu)相比,小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)更接近借款人的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò),并在其甄別、監(jiān)督客戶以及實(shí)施合約的過程中更能發(fā)揮這種優(yōu)勢。利用三個(gè)非政府小額信貸項(xiàng)目區(qū)的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),本文實(shí)證考察小額信貸對(duì)不同正規(guī)信貸配給類型的影響,并采用需求可識(shí)別雙變量模型分別估計(jì)農(nóng)村信用合作社和小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的放款行為。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)將服務(wù)對(duì)象從富裕農(nóng)戶擴(kuò)展到比較富裕的農(nóng)戶;(2)小額信貸有效緩解了農(nóng)戶所面臨的正規(guī)信貸配給問題,其中,對(duì)數(shù)量配給和交易成本配給的影響較大,而對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)配給的影響較?。唬?)小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)緩解農(nóng)戶正規(guī)信貸配給的原因在于其通過特殊的組織、制度安排
3、有效地利用了當(dāng)?shù)匦畔?。本文?duì)如何進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展對(duì)農(nóng)戶的貸款服務(wù)提出了政策建議。關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)戶;農(nóng)信社;小額信貸;信貸配給;雙變量Probit模型CanMicrofinanceAlleviatetheFormalCreditRationingFacingRuralHouseholds?EvidencesfromtheThreeMicrofinancePilotProjectAreasinChinaAbstract:Comparedwiththeformalinstitutions,themicrofinanceinstitutions
4、(MFIs)haveadvantagesincreditscreeningandmonitoringandcontractenforcement,astheyareclosertotheirclients.Usingasampledatasetfromthreemicrofinancepilotareas,thispaperemploysBivariateProbitmodelstoexaminetheeffectsofthemicrofinanceoperationoncreditrationingofruralhouseh
5、oldsimposedbyformalruralfinancialinstitutions.Thepaperfoundthat(1)comparedwithRuralCreditCooperatives(RCCs)whichservemainlytherich,MFIshaveextendedcreditservicestothepoorerruralhouseholds;(2)MFIshaveeffectivelyreducedthecreditrationingonruralhouseholdsimposedbyRCCs,
6、ofparticularlythetransactioncostrationingandquantityrationing,theimpactonriskrationingishoweverlessevident;(3)TheimpactofMFIsonformalcreditrationisduemainlytoanumberofinstitutionalandproductinnovationsaimedatusinglocallyavailableinformation.Policyrecommendationsarem
7、adeonfurtherextendingcreditservicestothepoorercommunitiesandhouseholdsinChina’spoorareas.KeyWords:RuralHousehold;RuralCreditCooperatives;Micro-credit;CreditRationing;BivariateProbitModelJELClassification:O16;O17;G2120小額信貸緩解農(nóng)戶正規(guī)信貸配給了嗎?——來自三個(gè)非政府小額信貸項(xiàng)目區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)一、引言在發(fā)展中國家的
8、農(nóng)村地區(qū),農(nóng)戶尤其是小農(nóng)戶受到正規(guī)信貸配給的現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)普遍(Stiglitz&Weiss,1981;Braverman&Guasch,1986;Carter,1988),中國也不例外(如,林毅夫,2000)基于1997/1998的農(nóng)戶調(diào)查,林毅夫(2000)發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)查地區(qū)公主嶺、