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1、1.必修五Unit1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”約翰·斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon-soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.約翰·斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生——他的確醫(yī)術精湛,因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.但他一
2、想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時,他就感到很振奮。Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.霍亂在當時是最致命的疾病,Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.人們既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治療方法。Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.每次霍亂暴發(fā)時,就有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.約
3、翰·斯諾想面對這個挑戰(zhàn),解決這個問題。Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.他知道,在找到病源之前,霍亂疫情是無法控制的。Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.斯諾對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測都很感興趣。Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloat
4、edarounduntilitfounditsvictims.一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著,像一股危險的氣體到處漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害者為止。Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.第二種看法是人們在吃飯的時候把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身,患者就會很
5、快地死去。JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.斯諾推測第二種說法是正確的,但他需要證據(jù)。SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.因此,在1854年倫敦再次暴發(fā)霍亂的時候,約翰·斯諾著手準備對此進行調(diào)研。Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogatherinformatio
6、n.當霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延的時候,約翰·斯諾就開始收集資料。Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴重,在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.他決心要查明其原因。Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.首先,他在一張地圖上標明了所有死
7、者住過的地方。Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價值的線索。ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近(特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號)。Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet
8、)hadhadnodeaths.他發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住宅(如寬街上20號和21號以及劍橋街上的8號和9號)卻無人死亡。Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.他以前沒預