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1、英文文獻(xiàn)原文：PerformanceAppraisalasaGuideforTrainingandDevelopment:AResearchNoteontheIowaPerformanceEvaluationSystemByDennisDaleyowaStateUniversityThispaperexaminesonefacetofperformanceappraisal-itsuseasaguideforthedraftingofemployeetraininganddevelopmentplans.Thescopeisl
2、imitedinthatitexcludesanyconsiderationastowhethertheseplansareactuallyimplemented.Ourinterestfocusesonlyontheextenttowhichsupervisorsendeavortoassistemployeesincorrectingorovercomingweaknessesandinenhancingordevelopingperceivedstrengths.Thefindingsreportedherearebas
3、edona1981monitoringoftheperformanceappraisalsystemusedbytheStateofIowa.Ascivilservicereformhasbeeninstitutedinonejurisdictionafteranotherinordertofurtherassureobjective,performancebasedpersonnelpractices,performanceappraisalhasemergedasoneofthekeyissuesinthepersonne
4、lmanagementofthe1980s.Thisheightenedsenseofimportanceandseriousnesshas,inturn,ledtoarenewedinterestinthestudyoftheactualworkingsofperformanceappraisalsystems.Theusestowhichperformanceappraisalcanbeputaremyriad.TherecentCivilServiceReformActof1978servesasamodelinthis
5、respect.Herewefindenunciatedwhatmaybetakenasthetypicalorientationtowardtheusesofperformanceappraisal,recommendingthatpersonnelmanagersandsupervisors"usetheresultsofperformanceappraisalas.abasisfortraining,rewarding,reassigning,promoting,reducingingrade,retaining,and
6、removingemployees."Performanceappraisalsystemscanalsoservetovalidatepersonneltestingandselectionprocedures,althoughsuchsystemsarethemselvesalsosubjecttoaffirmativeactionvalidationrequirements.Theeconomicrecessionsofthe1970sand1980shaveplacedsignificantrestraintsonth
7、eseuses,however.Theimpositionofhiringfreezes,thediminishmentofpromotionalopportunities,theadventofreductions-in-force,andthenearabandonmentofmeritpayprovisionsbyfinanciallystrappedgovernmentalentitieshavecontributedtothelossofenthusiasmforperformanceappraisalinmanyq
8、uarters.Undersuchcircumstances,performanceappraisal一limitedinitsusetothemorenegativefunctionsofemployeeevaluation-takesonthedreadedimageas
