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1、TheDesignofEarth-RockDamandSpillwaysPart1EmbankmentDamsSelectionofembankmenttype：Ingeneral,therearetwotypesofembankmentdams:earthandrockfill.Theselectionisdependentupontheusablematerialsfromtherequiredexcavationandavailableborrow.Itshouldbenotedthatrockf
2、illscanshadeintosoilfillsdependinguponthephysicalcharacteroftherockandthatnohardandfastsystemofclassificationcanbemade.Rockswhicharesoftandwilleasilybreakdownundertheactionofexcavationandplacementcanbeclassifiedwithearthfills.Rockswhicharehardandwillnotb
3、reakdownsignificantlyaretreatedasrockfills.Theselectionandthedesignofearthembankmentarebaseduponthejudgmentandexperienceofthedesignerandistoalargeextentofanempiricalnature.Thevariousmethodsofstabilityandseepageanalysesareusedmainlytoconfirmtheengineer’sj
4、udgment.Freeboard：Allearthdamsmusthavesufficientextraheightknownasfreeboardtopreventovertoppingbythepool.Thefreeboardmustbeofsuchheightthatwaveaction,windsetup,andearthquakeeffectswillnotresultinovertoppingofthedam.Inadditiontofreeboard,anallowancemustbe
5、madeforsettlementoftheembankmentandthefoundationwhichwilloccuruponcompletionoftheembankment.Topwidth：Thewidthoftheearthdamtopisgenerallycontrolledbytherequiredwidthoffillforeaseofconstructionusingconventionalequipment.Ingeneral,thetopwidthshouldnotbeless
6、than30ft.Ifadangerexistsofanovertoppingwavecausedeitherbymassivelandslidesinthepoolorbyseismicblocktipping,thenextratopwidthoferosionresistivefillwillberequired.Alignment：constructioncostsbutsuchalignmentshouldnotbesuchastoencourageslidingorcrackingofthe
7、embankment.Normallytheshorteststraightlineacrossthevalleywillbesatisfactory,butlocaltopographicandfoundationconditionsmaydictateotherwise.Damslocatedinnarrowvalleysoftenaregivenanalignmentwhichisarchedupstreamsothatdeflectionsoftheembankmentunderpoolload
8、willputtheembankmentincompressionthusminimizingtransversecracking,Abutments：Threeproblemsaregenerallyassociatedwiththeabutmentsofearthdams:①seepage,②instability,and③transversecrackingoftheembankment.Iftheabutmentconsistsof
