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1、Chemical????NewsletterHowtoWriteaScientificPaper*ByGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA??????*???GeorgeM.Whitesides(??)?????????Whatisascientificpaper?Apaperisanorganized???????????????????????????
2、?descriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intended?????ㄝ???????????????toinstructthereader.Papersareacentralpartofresearch.Thereasonforoutlines.IemphasizethecentralplaceIfyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustasofanoutlineinwritingpapers,preparingse
3、minars,andwellnothavebeendone.ˉInterestingandunpublishedāisplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andequivalenttoˉnon-existent.āforme,itismostefficienttowritepapersfromoutlines.?М???????????????????????Anoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,
4、???????????????????お???Ё????includingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,?????お???????г?ㄝ??????お???Нthinkofanoutlineasacarefullyorganizedandpresented??????ㄝ??????setofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandRealizethatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulat
5、econclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.andtesthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,??М??????????????????????andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveis?????お??Ё????????????????nottoˉcollectdata.ā????????????????????丙???????????お?????????????????
6、?????????????????????????????Ё??????????????????お??????????????????????????有???????????Anoutlineitselfcontainslittletext.IfyouandIcanApaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstoringagreeonthedetailsoftheoutline(thatis,onthedataandacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoa
7、structureorganization),thesupportingtextcanbeassembledfairlyforplanningyourresearchinprogress.Ifyouclearlyeasily.Ifwedonotagreeontheoutline,anytextisuseless.understandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeMuchofthetimeinwritingapapergoesintothetext;mostimmenselyu
8、sefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourofthethoughtgoesintotheorganizationofthedataandresearch.Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanintotheanalysis.Itcanberelativelyefficienttogothroughforthere
