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1、ForcesofHabitForcesofHabitDRUGSANDTHEMAKINGOFTHEMODERNWORLDDAVIDT.COURTWRIGHTHARVARDUNIVERSITYPRESSCambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,EnglandCopyright?2001bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegeAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaThirdprint
2、ing,2002FirstHarvardUniversityPresspaperbackedition,2002LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataCourtwright,DavidT.,1952–Forcesofhabit:drugsandthemakingofthemodernworld/DavidT.Courtwright.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-004
3、58-2(cloth)ISBN0-674-01003-5(pbk.)1.Substanceabuse—History.2.Psychotropicdrugs—History.3.Substanceabuse—Economicaspects.4.Substanceabuse—Socialaspects.5.Substanceabuse—Prevention.I.Title.HV4997.C682000362.29—dc2100-061466TomybrothersChrisandMike,historia
4、nsintheirownuniquewaysAcknowledgmentstenyearsago,whilekillingtimebetweenoightsinaduty-freeshop,IfoundmyselfwonderingwhyIwassurroundedbydrugs.Marlborocartonsloomedtomyleft,Drambuiebottlestomyright,Belgianchocolatesbehindme,Kenyancoffeestraightahead—everyw
5、hereIlooked,Isawimportedpsychoactiveproducts.Howdidthesethingsgethere?Andwhycould“here”beanywhere—whydidduty-freeshopsallseemtobestockedwiththesamemerchandise?(Indeed,IcannolongerrecallwhichairportIwaspassingthrough.)ThoughIhadlongbeeninterestedinthehis-
6、toryofnarcoticdrugs,thisbookgrewoutofabroadercuriosityaboutpsycho-activecommerce,aubiquitous—and,Inowbelieve,deaning—featureofthemodernworld.IcouldnothaveactedonthatcuriositywithoutatimelyresearchleavefromtheUniversityofNorthFloridaandafellowshipfromtheN
7、ationalEn-dowmentfortheHumanities.TheFrancisC.WoodInstitutefortheHistoryofMedicinesupportedmyworkattheCollegeofPhysiciansofPhiladelphiaLibrary;theSonnedeckerVisitingResearchProgramanancedavisittotheUniversityofWisconsin.Librariansthereextendedmeeveryprof
8、essionalcourtesy,asdidthoseattheUniversitiesofNorthFlorida,Pennsylvania,andKansas.IamespeciallyindebtedtoUNF’sAlisaCraddock,whoalledcountlessin-terlibraryloanrequests,oftencrypticandaendishlyobscure.ElaineStroud,GregHigby,