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1、GraduateTextsinContemporaryPhysicsSeriesEditors:R.StephenBerryJosephL.BirmanMarkP.SilvermanH.EugeneStanleyMikhailVoloshinThispageintentionallyleftblankNinoBoccaraModelingComplexSystemsWith158IllustrationsNinoBoccaraDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofIllinois–Chicago845WestTaylorStreet,#2236Chicago
2、,IL60607USAboccara@uic.eduSeriesEditorsR.StephenBerryJosephL.BirmanMarkP.SilvermanDepartmentofChemistryDepartmentofPhysicsDepartmentofPhysicsUniversityofChicagoCityCollegeofCUNYTrinityCollegeChicago,IL60637NewYork,NY10031Hartford,CT06106USAUSAUSAH.EugeneStanleyMikhailVoloshinCenterforPolymerSt
3、udiesTheoreticalPhysicsInstitutePhysicsDepartmentTateLaboratoryofPhysicsBostonUniversityTheUniversityofMinnesotaBoston,MA02215Minneapolis,MN55455USAUSALibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBoccara,Nino.Modelingcomplexsystems/NinoBoccara.p.cm.—(Graduatetextsincontemporaryphysics)Include
4、sbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-387-40462-7(alk.paper)1.Systemtheory—Mathematicalmodels.2.Systemanalysis—Mathematicalmodels.I.Title.II.Series.Q295.B592004003—dc212003054791ISBN0-387-40462-7Printedonacid-freepaper.?2004Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetransl
5、atedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.,175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware
6、,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.PrintedintheUnitedState
7、sofAmerica.987654321SPIN10941300www.springer-ny.comSpringer-VerlagNewYorkBerlinHeidelbergAmemberofBertelsmannSpringerScience+BusinessMediaGmbHPy′e-kokodiikavw`elwen,mach′eouk′evw`eplilwen.11CreoleproverbfromGuadeloupethatcanbetranslated