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1、TALCOTTPARSONS''AnOutlineoftheSocialSystem''(TS:30-79)ParsonsisaFunctionalist,asbigandnastyastheycome.HeisalsoheavilyinfluencedbythewritingsofDurkheimandmakesseveralreferencestoDurkheiminthisessay,particularlyElementaryFormsofReligiousLifeandTheDivisionofLaborinSociety.Also,everythingi
2、nthisarticle,includingallofthesystemstypologiesandprocessschemas,aremeantinthe''analytic''sense.Parsonsisprimarilyinterestedinhowasocialscientistcananalyzeasocialsystem.I.GeneralOutlineThisessayisanattemptbyParsonstooutlineanactionframeofreference.Thisattemptisbasedontheconvictionthatt
3、herearetwoessentialreferencepointsforthistypeofsystematicanalysis;aclassificationofthefunctionalrequirementsofasystemandthearrangementofthesewithreferencetoprocessesofcontrolinthecyberneticsense.Parsonspositsthatthemostempiricallysignificantsociologicaltheorymustbeconcernedwithcomplexs
4、ystems,thatis,systemscomposedofmanysubsystems.Theprimaryempiricaltype-referenceistosociety,whichishighlycomplex.Thebasicfunctionalclassificationunderlyingthewholeschemeinvolvesthediscriminationof4primarycategories:patternmaintenance,integration,goal-attainment,andadaptation,placedintha
5、torderintheseriesofcontrol-relations.Moregenerally,Parsonsisalsointerestedinmakingafundamentaldistinctionbetweenthemorphologicalanalysisofthemorphologicalstructureofsystemsandthe''dynamic''analysisofprocess.Neitherhasspecialpriorityovertheotherexceptthat,ataparticularlevel,stablestruct
6、uralreferencepointsarenecessaryfordetermininggeneralizationsaboutprocess.Theoldbattleoftheoryversusempiricismmaybeconsideredtobeover.Thereisnolongeraquestionastothestudyofhumanbehaviorasascientificendeavor.Parsonstheoryisoneofaction,whichgoesbeyondtheoldreductionisttheoriesofsocialtheo
7、ry.TheconceptofasocialsystemisimportantforParsons,andfortheTSeditors.Tobeclear,wemustdelineatetheplaceofsocialsystemswithintheactionframeofreference.Oneaspectofthisdistinction,whichcanbetakenforgranted,isbetweentheanalyticallydefinedindividualandthesystemsgeneratedbytheprocessofsocia
