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1、BritishCulturalstudiesAuthor:ThatoFokoDate:1999BackgroundThefoundingmembersoftheBritishCulturalStudies(BCS)intryingtoshapethecontentandthedirectionofculturalstudiesfoundthemselvesdealingwith'...post-warBritishsociety,...enteringaperiodofchangeanddevelopmentwh
2、osetermsweresetbythetermsofthepost-war'settlement....The'settlement'-definedbytherevivalofcapitalistproduction,thefoundingofthewelfarestateand'thecoldwar'appearedtobringeconomic,politicalandculturalforcesintonewkindsofrelation,intoanewequilibrium(Hall,1990:16
3、).ThesefoundersoftheBCSconcernedthemselveswithquestionssuchas,(i)whatqualitativebreakswiththepastwerenecessary?(ii)WasBritainstillacapitalistcivilisationorapost-capitalistone?(iii)Wastheemergenceofawelfarestaterepresentationofafundamentalormerelyasuperficialr
4、eorderingofsociety?Themoreonereadsthesepeople'swritingthemoreonebecomesawarethattheyweredealingwithculturalstudiesasitpertainedtothepost-warera."Thedepressionandthewarappearedtohaveestablishedcertaincriticalbreakswithearlierdevelopment"(Hall,1990:16).Astheytr
5、iedtograpplewiththepost-warissuesthemorequestionsemerged.Theseissuescentredaroundtheconstitutivepartoftheagendaoftheearly'NewLeft',whichmanyofthefoundersorcontributorstotheBCSwereassociated.Theyalsodefinedtheobjectives,agendaandspaceinwhichCulturalStudies(CS)
6、emerged.Therefore,fromitsinception,CSaddressedawkwardbutrelevantissuesaboutcontemporarypost-warsocietyandculture.TheemergenceofCSbroughtaboutnewtensionbetweenwhatmightlooselybecalled'political'andintellectualconcerns,tensionwhichhasshapedCSeversince...andthis
7、tensionnecessarilysituatedCSawkwardlywithrespecttotheexistingbranchesofknowledgeandthescholarlynormslegitimatewithinhigherlearning(Hall,1990:17).ThiscouldbeseenfromthewritingsofthefoundingmembersofCS.Allreferredtothistensionandeachaddresseditdifferentlyandeac
8、hinsistedthattheanswersshouldmatch,incomplexityandseriousness,thecomplexityoftheissuesitaddressed.Forexample,RichardHoggartinhisbookTheUseofLiteracy,tookalookatthedeplorablesituationofthe
