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1、GeneRegulationandDevelopmentMakingoftheComplexLivingthingsInthedevelopmentofmulticellorganisms,asingle-cellzygotegivesrisetomanydifferentcelltypes.Eachtypehasdifferentstructure,undertakingdifferentchemicalandbiologicreactionsandperformscorrespondingfunctions.Allthesee
2、ventsarecontrolledbysetsofgenesinthecellandinfluencedbysurroundingstimuli.BodysystemofmulticellorganismsCellsofsimilartypesareorganizedintotissuesTissueswithassociatedfunctionintoorgansOrgansofassociatedfunctionintoorgansystemsOrgansystemscoordinatelytosupportthewholeo
3、rganismProcessofembryonicdevelopmentmustgiverisenotonlytothecellsofdifferenttypesbutalsotohigher-levelstructuresandcoordinatedfunctions.Howlifebegin…Anorganismarisesfromafertilizedeggastheresultofthreeinterrelatedprocesses:celldivision,celldifferentiation,andcellmorpho
4、genesis.Duringdevelopment,cellsbecomespolarized,startsdivideunevenly,reprogramsgeneexpressionandbecomespecializedinstructureandfunction,aprocesscalleddifferentiation.Theprocessesofmorphogenesisisformingofshapes,givecells,tissuesandorganstheirpropershapetofittheircorres
5、pondingfunctions.Alltheseprocessesarepartofdevelopment.EmbryonicDevelopmentFertilizationresultsinazygoteandtriggersembryonicdevelopmentPlasmamembraneTailMiddlepieceNeckHeadNucleusAcrosomeMitochondrion(spiralshape)Onlyonespermwillpenetratethishumaneggtoinitiatetheferti
6、lizationThereisaselectionofspermqualityThespermapproachestheegg1234Thesperm’sacrosomalenzymesdigesttheegg’sjellycoatProteinsonthespermheadbindtoeggreceptors5ThespermnucleusenterstheeggcytoplasmTheplasmamembranesofspermandeggfuse6Afertilizationenvelopeforms
7、SPERMNucleusAcrosomePlasmamembraneSpermheadAcrosomalenzymesJellycoat(ZonaPellucida)VitellinelayerPlasmamembraneCytoplasmEGGCELLReceptorproteinmoleculesSpermnucleusEggnucleus7ThenucleiofspermandeggfuseZygotenucleusCleavagestartsFertilizationofovumOviductSecond
8、aryoocyteOvulationOvaryBlastocyst(implanted)EndometriumUterusInmammals,fertilizationoccursintheoviduct.Spermfuseswith