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1、GeneRegulationandDevelopmentMakingof theComplexLivingthingsInthedevelopmentofmulticellorganisms,asingle-cellzygotegivesrisetomanydifferentcelltypes.Eachtypehasdifferentstructure,undertakingdifferentchemicalandbiologicreactionsandperformscorrespondingfunctions.Allthesee
2、ventsarecontrolledbysetsofgenesinthecellandinfluencedbysurroundingstimuli.BodysystemofmulticellorganismsCellsofsimilartypesareorganizedintotissuesTissueswithassociatedfunctionintoorgansOrgansofassociatedfunctionintoorgansystemsOrgansystemscoordinatelytosupportthewholeo
3、rganismProcessofembryonicdevelopmentmustgiverisenotonlytothecellsofdifferenttypesbutalsotohigher-levelstructuresandcoordinatedfunctions.Howlifebegin…Anorganismarisesfromafertilizedeggastheresultofthreeinterrelatedprocesses:celldivision,celldifferentiation,andcellmorpho
4、genesis.Duringdevelopment,cellsbecomespolarized,startsdivideunevenly,reprogramsgeneexpressionandbecomespecializedinstructureandfunction,aprocesscalleddifferentiation.Theprocessesofmorphogenesisisformingofshapes,givecells,tissuesandorganstheirpropershapetofittheircorres
5、pondingfunctions.Alltheseprocessesarepartofdevelopment.EmbryonicDevelopmentFertilizationresultsinazygoteandtriggersembryonicdevelopmentPlasmamembraneTailMiddle pieceNeckHeadNucleusAcrosomeMitochondrion(spiralshape)Onlyonespermwillpenetratethishumaneggtoinitiatetheferti
6、lizationThereisaselectionofspermqualityThesperm approaches theegg1234Thesperm’sacrosomalenzymes digestthe egg’sjelly coatProteinsonthe spermheadbind toeggreceptors5Thesperm nucleus enters theegg cytoplasmTheplasmamembranes ofspermandeggfuse6Afertilization envelopeforms
7、SPERMNucleusAcrosomePlasma membraneSperm headAcrosomalenzymesJelly coat(ZonaPellucida)VitellinelayerPlasma membraneCytoplasmEGGCELLReceptorproteinmoleculesSperm nucleusEgg nucleus7Thenuclei ofsperm andeggfuseZygote nucleusCleavagestartsFertilization ofovumOviductSecond
8、aryoocyteOvulationOvaryBlastocyst(implanted)EndometriumUterusInmammals,fertilizationoccursintheoviduct.Spermfuseswith
