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1、CHINAMARCHESWESTtheqingconquestofcentraleurasiaPeterC.PerduethebelknappressofharvarduniversitypressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England2005Copyright?2005byPeterC.PerdueAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataPer
2、due,PeterC.Chinamarcheswest:theQingconquestofCentralEurasia/PeterC.Perdue.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-01684-x(alk.paper)1.China—History—Qingdynasty,1644–1912.2.Russia—History—1613–1917.3.Mongols—History.I.Title:QingconquestofCentralEurasia
3、.II.Title.ds754.p472005951′.03—dc222004059472ToLinda,Kay,andAlex,andthememoryofmyparentsContentsPrefacexiiiAcknowledgmentsxviiNoteonNames,Dates,WeightsandMeasures,andChineseCharactersxixIntroduction1History,Time,andMemory6TheQingConquestsasaWorldHistoricalEvent9parton
4、eTheFormationoftheCentralEurasianStates1Environments,StateBuilding,andNationalIdentity15TheUnboundednessofCentralEurasia19Trade,Transport,andTravel33TheFrontierZone41IsolationandIntegration442TheMing,Muscovy,andSiberia,1400–160051TheMingandtheMongols52StateFormationin
5、MuscovyandRussianExpansion74SiberianandChineseFrontiers893CentralEurasianInteractionsandtheRiseoftheManchus,1600–167094BuildingtheZungharState101viiicontentsTheRiseoftheManchus109MongolianIn?uenceontheManchuState122EarlyModernStateBuildingCompared127parttwoContendingf
6、orPower4Manchus,Mongols,andRussiansinCon?ict,1670–1690133KangxitheRuler133Galdan’sIntervention144Kangxi’sFirstPersonalExpedition152TheTreatyofNerchinskandtheExcludedMiddle1615EatingSnow:TheEndofGaldan,1690–1697174TheDolonNorAssembly175TheBattleofJaoModo180TheEmperorRe
7、writesHistory190TheFinalCampaignsandtheFateofGaldan1936ImperialOverreachandZungharSurvival,1700–1731209TheRiseofTsewangRabdan210ThreeCentralEurasianTravelers213ThePenetrationofTurkestanandTibet227TheNewEmperorChangesTack2407TheFinalBlows,1734–1771256TransformingtheBar
8、bariansthroughTrade256TheDeathKnelloftheZungharState270TheConquestofTurkestan289TheReturnoftheTorghuts292partthreeTheEconomi