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1、PrefaceThismanualcontainsmoreorlesscompletesolutionsforeveryprobleminthebook.Shouldyoufinderrorsinanyofthesolutions,pleasebringthemtomyattention.Overtheyears,Ihavetriedtoenrichmylecturesbyincludinghistoricalinformationonthesignificantdevelopmentsinthe
2、rmodynamics,andbiographicalsketchesofthepeopleinvolved.ThemultivolumeDictionaryofScientificBiography,editedbyCharlesC.GillispieandpublishedbyC.Scribners,NewYork,hasbeenespeciallyusefulforobtainingbiographicaland,tosomeextent,historicalinformation.[For
3、example,theentryonAndersCelsiuspointsoutthathechosethezeroofhistemperaturescaletobetheboilingpointofwater,and100tobethefreezingpoint.Also,theintenserivalrybetweentheEnglishandGermanscientificcommunitiesforcreditfordevelopingthermodynamicsisdiscussedin
4、thebiographiesofJ.R.Mayer,J.P.Joule,R.Clausius(whointroducedthewordentropy)andothers.]Othersourcesofbiographicalinformationincludevariousencyclopedias,Asimov’sBiographicalEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnologybyI.Asimov,publishedbyDoubleday&Co.,(N.Y.,1972
5、),and,toalesserextent,NobelPrizeWinnersinPhysics1901-1951,byN.H.deV.Heathcote,publishedbyH.Schuman,N.Y.Historicalinformationisusuallybestgottenfromreadingtheoriginalliterature.Manyoftheimportantpapershavebeenreproduced,withsomecommentary,inaseriesofbo
6、oksentitled“BenchmarkPapersonEnergy”distributedbyHalstedPress,adivisionofJohnWileyandSons,N.Y.Ofparticularinterestare:Volume1,Energy:HistoricalDevelopmentoftheConcept,byR.BruceLindsay.Volume2,ApplicationsofEnergy,19thCentury,byR.BruceLindsay.Volume5,T
7、heSecondLawofThermodynamics,byJ.KestinandVolume6,IrreversibleProcesses,alsobyJ.Kestin.Thefirstvolumewaspublishedin1975,theremainderin1976.vviOtherusefulsourcesofhistoricalinformationare“TheEarlyDevelopmentoftheConceptsofTemperatureandHeat:TheRiseandDe
8、clineoftheCaloricTheory”byD.RollerinVolume1ofHarvardCaseHistoriesinExperimentalScienceeditedbyJ.B.ConantandpublishedbyHarvardUniversityPressin1957;articlesinPhysicsToday,suchas“ASketchforaHistoryofEarlyThermodynamics”byE.Mendoza(February,1961,
