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《Knowledge and Wisdom 知識與智慧》由會員上傳分享，免費(fèi)在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。
1、KnowledgeandWisdom知識與智慧BertrandRussell伯特蘭.羅素------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mostpeoplewouldagreethat,althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge,therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom.Butagreement
2、ceasesassoonasweattempttodefine`wisdom'andconsidermeansofpromotingit.Iwanttoaskfirstwhatwisdomis,andthenwhatcanbedonetoteachit.我們的時代在知識方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過過去所有時代，在智慧方面卻沒有得到相應(yīng)的增加，這是大多數(shù)人都會同意的看法。但一旦我試圖定義“智慧”并思考增進(jìn)它的方法，人們就會有不同意見了。我想問的問題首先是何為智慧，其次是傳授智慧的方法。Thereare,Ithink,severalf
3、actorsthatcontributetowisdom.OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequired
4、ofvariouskindsoftechnicians.Suppose,forexample,thatyouareengagedinresearchinscientificmedicine.Theworkisdifficultandislikelytoabsorbthewholeofyourintellectualenergy.Youhavenottimetoconsidertheeffectwhichyourdiscoveriesorinventionsmayhaveoutsidethefieldofmedici
5、ne.Yousucceed(letussay),asmodernmedicinehassucceeded,inenormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath-rate,notonlyinEuropeandAmerica,butalsoinAsiaandAfrica.Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulouspartsoft
6、heworld.Totakeanevenmorespectacularexample,whichisineverybody’smindatthepresenttime:Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinteresteddesireforknowledge,andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace.Insuchwaysthepursuitofknowl
7、edgemaybecomeharmfulunlessitiscombinedwithwisdom;andwisdominthesenseofcomprehensivevisionisnotnecessarilypresentinspecialistsinthepursuitofknowledge.我想，構(gòu)成智慧有幾種要素，其中須置于首位的是比例感：將問題的所有重要因素都考慮進(jìn)去并掂量每個因素應(yīng)有的分量的能力。鑒于各類技術(shù)員所需的專門知識的范圍和復(fù)雜程度，這種能力變得比過去更難具備。比如，假設(shè)你從事醫(yī)科，這份工作本身
8、很難做，可能會耗費(fèi)你的全部智能。你沒有時間去考慮你的發(fā)現(xiàn)或發(fā)明可能帶來的醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域以外的影響。你成功了（我們假設(shè)），正如現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)所做到的：嬰兒死亡率不僅在歐美而且在亞非也大大降低了。但完全非你所愿的結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了：在世界人口最為稠密的地區(qū)，食物供應(yīng)匱乏，生活水平下降。再舉一個甚至更為引人注目的例子，當(dāng)前人們都在關(guān)注此事：你渴望探求知識，不帶功利性地去研究原子結(jié)構(gòu)，
