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1、Phonetics1.ThedifferencesbetweenconsonantsandvowelsConsonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheairflowinthecavity.However,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceive
2、d.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.2.MannersofarticulationItreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartofvocaltracts.Thereareseveralbasicwaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished:th
3、earticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;ortheymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.(1).Stop:completeclosureofthearticulatorsinvolvedsothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.Itisessentialt
4、oseparatethreephrasesintheproductionofastop:(a)theclosingphase,inwhichthearticulatorscometogether;(b)thecompressionphrase,duringwhichairiscompressedbehindtheclosure;(c)thereleasephrase,duringwhichthearticulatorsformingtheobstructioncomerapidlyapartandtheairissuddenlyreleased.I
5、nEnglish,[p,b,t,d,k,g]arestopsand[m,n,?]arenasals.(2)Fricative:closeapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.InEnglish,[f,v,θ,e,s,z,?,?,h]arefricatives.(3)Approximant:anarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,
6、butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.Thegapbetweenthearticulatorsisthereforelargerthanforafricativeandnoturbulenceisgenerated.InEnglish,thisclassofsoundsincludes[w,r,j].(4)Lateral:obstructionoftheairstreamatapintalongthecenterofth
7、eoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth.[l]istheonlylateralinEnglish.(5)Trill:producedwhenanarticulatorissetvibratingbytheairstream.Amajortrillsoundis[r],asinred.(6)Affricates:involvingmorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthatth
8、eyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatth
