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1、NewYorkLondonRoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusinessRoutledgeRoutledgeTaylor&FrancisGroupTaylor&FrancisGroup270MadisonAvenue2ParkSquareNewYork,NY10016MiltonPark,AbingdonOxonOX144RN?2007byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLCRoutledgeisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusinessPrinted
2、intheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper10987654321InternationalStandardBookNumber-10:0-415-96942-5(Hardcover)InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-0-415-96942-0(Hardcover)Nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,orutilizedinanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorh
3、ereafterinvented,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwith-outintenttoinfringe.Li
4、braryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataJ.R.R.Tolkienencyclopedia:scholarshipandcriticalassessment/[editedby]MichaelD.C.Drout.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978-0-415-96942-0(acid-freepaper)ISBN-10:0-415-96942-5(acid-freepaper)1.Tolkien,J.R.R.(JohnRonaldReuel),1892-1973-
5、-Encyclopedias.2.Tolkien,J.R.R.(JohnRonaldReuel),1892-1973--Criticismandinterpretation.3.MiddleEarth(Imaginaryplace)--Encyclopedias.4.Fantasyfiction,English--Encyclopedias.I.Drout,MichaelD.C.,1968-.PR6039.O32Z6642006828’.91209--dc222006026700VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteathttp://www.taylorandfranci
6、s.comandtheRoutledgeWebsiteathttp://www.routledge-ny.comCONTENTSEditorialBoardviiContributorsixAlphabeticalListofEntriesxiiiThematicListofEntriesxxiIntroductionxxixConventionsandAbbreviationsxxxiiiEntriesAtoZ1Index721vEDITORMichaelD.C.DroutWheatonCollege,Norton,MAASSOCIATEEDITORSDouglasA.AndersonMa
7、rcellus,MIMarjorieBurnsPortlandStateUniversity,Portland,ORVerlynFliegerUniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MDThomasShippeySaintLouisUniversity,St.Louis,MOviiCONTRIBUTORSNilsIvarAg?yMarcelR.Bu¨llesTelemarkUnive
