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1、FROMALOGICALPOINTOFVIEWfogico-PhilosophicalEssaysWillardVanOrmanQuineSecondEdition,revisedHARPERTORCHBOOKS4vHarper8Row,PublishersNewYork,Hagerstown,SanFrancisco,LondonTomyMotherandFather-H.V.Q.C.R.Q.FROMALOGICALPOINTOFVIEW@Copyright1953,1961bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegePrin
2、tedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaThisbookwasfirstpublishedin1953byHarvardUniversityPress,withasecond,revised,editionin1961.Itisherereprintedbyarrangement.FirstHARPERTORCHBOOKeditionpublished1963byHarper&Row,Publishers,IncorporatedNewYorkandEvanstonlibraryofCongresscatalogcardnumber:61-152
3、77767771379802019181716151413COINTENTSI.Onwhatthlereis1II.TwodogmasofemIpiricism20III.Theproblemofmeaninginlinguistics47IV.identity,ostension,andhypostasis65V.Newfoundationsformathematicallogic80VI.Logicandthereificationofuniversals102VII.Notesonthetheoryofreference130VIII.Referencean
4、dmodality139IX.Meaningandexistentialinference160Originsoftheessays169171BibliographicalreferencesIndex179VTheprincipalrevisionaffectspages152-159,onthecontro-versialtopicofmodallogic.Apointthatwasmadeinthosepagesunderwentradicalextensiononpage198ofmyWordandObject(NewYork,1960);andlate
5、lythesituationhasfur-therclarifieditself,thanksinparttoacurrentdoctoraldisserta-tionstudentDagfinnFdllesdal.Theserevisedbymypagestheresultingassessmentofthesituation.embodyIndependentlyofthatmatter,Ihavemadesubstantiveemendationsalsoofpages103,118,125,148,and150.Bostm,Mass.,April1961w
6、.v.&.viSeveraloftheseessayshavebeenprintedwholeinjournals;othersareinvaryingdegreesnew.Twomainthemesrunthroughthem.Oneistheproblemofmeaning,particularlyasinvolvedinthenotionofananalyticstatement.Theotheristhenotionofontologicalcommitment,asinvolvedintheparticularlyprob-lemofuniversals
7、.Variouspreviouslypublishedpaperswhichseemedtocallforinclusiontwofoldproblems,Foronepr342200231esentedthing,theyoverlappedasIpaperswillwhicharesowrittenastosparereaders342200231excessiveuseoflibraries.Foranother,theycontainedwhichIhadgrownt342200231oformulatedorpartsrecognize
8、asbad
