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1、1.語言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness雙層結(jié)構(gòu)duality多產(chǎn)性productivity移位性displacement文化傳播性culturaltransmission2.語言的功能：傳達(dá)信息功能informative人濟(jì)功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娛樂功能recreatinal元語言功能metalingual3.語言學(xué)linguistics：包括六個(gè)分支語音學(xué)Phonetics音位學(xué)phonology形態(tài)學(xué)Morphology句法學(xué)syntax語義學(xué)semantics語用學(xué)p
2、ragmatics4.Originoflanguage①thedivine-originetheory...②Thebow-wowtheory..Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat③Thepooh-poohtheory…Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichg
3、raduallydevelopedintolanguage.④The“yo-he-ho”theory….Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.5.Whatislinguistics：isgenerallyascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.6.macrolinguistics宏觀語言學(xué)①Psycholing
4、uistics心理語言學(xué)②Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)③Anthropologicallinguistics人類語言學(xué)④Computationallinguistics計(jì)算語言學(xué)7.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Descriptivevs.prescriptive描寫式和規(guī)定式②Synchronicvs.diachronic共時(shí)和歷時(shí)③Competenceandperformance語言能力和語言運(yùn)用④Langue&parole語言和言語①Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageisthein
5、strumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.②Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.③Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,thebles
6、singofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.④Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.⑤Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglesse
7、xpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.⑥Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.⑦Themetalingualfu
