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1、市場研究中的 非市場行為Beforeturningtononmarketsituations,letmereviewsomedevelopmentsinthestudyofmarketsthatareparticularlyrelevantforthestudyofnonmarketsituations.在轉(zhuǎn)向非市場情形的研究之前，首先來回顧一下關(guān)于市場行為的研究中，與非市場情形有關(guān)的觀點。Thestrongassumptionsmadeabout“economicman”andtheemphasisonequilibriumanalysis,characteristicofth
2、eAnglo-American,neoclassicaltraditionofinquiry,hasnotbeenuniversallyadheredtobyalleconomists.英美學者、古典自由主義關(guān)于“經(jīng)濟人”和強調(diào)均衡分析的觀點并沒有并所有的經(jīng)濟學家所接受。TheAustrianschoolsharescommontieswiththeScottishschoolofmoralphilosophy,buthaspreferredtoworkwithassumptionsoflimitedinformationandtofocusonequilibratingmech
3、anismsratherthanequilibriumstates.奧地利學派和蘇格蘭學派更傾向于以有限信息和均衡機制而非均衡狀態(tài)為前提假設(shè)，對這一行為進行分析。TheemphasisinAustrianeconomicsisonmarketstructuresasprovidingincentivesforinnovationandgeneratinginformationthatisrelevanttodynamicallychangingcircumstances.奧地利經(jīng)濟學強調(diào)市場結(jié)構(gòu)能夠促進創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)生與動態(tài)環(huán)境變化有關(guān)的信息。Hayekisthebest-knownc
4、ontemporaryrepresentativeofthistradition.Hayekassumesthatinformationisnecessarilyincompletebecausethegenerationofnewknowledgecontributestothedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandtoneweconomicopportunities哈耶克是這一觀點的最著名代表，他認為由于新的知識的出現(xiàn)有助于新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，并且產(chǎn)生新的經(jīng)濟機會，因此信息必定是不完備的。MuchofthefocusinAustrianeconomics,t
5、hen,isonentrepreneurship,asKirzneremphasizesentrepreneurshaveanincentivetosearchoutnewpossibilities.Suchactivitiesdisturbanypresumedequilibrium,placingburdensonotherstoacquiresimilarcapabilitiesinamarketeconomy.大部分奧地利經(jīng)濟學家關(guān)注企業(yè)家精神，正如Kirzneremphasizes強調(diào)，企業(yè)家具有尋找新機會的動力，這些活動就會打破預先設(shè)定的均衡，對其他人造成壓力，從而迫
6、使他們也在市場經(jīng)濟中獲得相似的能力。Entrepreneurshipandinnovationcreateacompetitivedynamicthathastodowithadvancesinknowledge,theextensionoftechnologicalcapabilities,andanopeningofneweconomicopportunities.企業(yè)家和創(chuàng)新會創(chuàng)造一種動態(tài)的競爭狀態(tài)，這種狀態(tài)關(guān)系到知識的進步、技術(shù)能力的擴展和新經(jīng)濟機會的創(chuàng)造。Thisisaformofcompetitionthatcanonlyoccurinaworldofincomple
7、teinformationratherthaninaworldofcompleteinformation.這種形式的競爭只是出現(xiàn)在信息并不完整的市場中。ThecompetitivedynamicsassociatedwiththeAustrianschoolisquitedifferentthan,butnotcontradictoryto,thetraditionalequilibriumanalysesofAnglo-Americaneconomists.WorkintheA
