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1、SourcesofConflictandMethodsofConflictResolutionRonFisher,Ph.D.,InternationalPeaceandConflictResolutionSchoolofInternationalServiceTheAmericanUniversityc.1977,Rev.1985,2000.Introduction:Conflictoccursbetweenpeopleinallkindsofhumanrelationshipsandinallsocialsettings.Becauseofthewide
2、rangeofpotentialdifferencesamongpeople,theabsenceofconflictusuallysignalstheabsenceofmeaningfulinteraction.Conflictbyitselfisneithergoodnorbad.However,themannerinwhichconflictishandleddetermineswhetheritisconstructiveordestructive(Deutsch&Coleman,2000).Conflictisdefinedasanincompa
3、tibilityofgoalsorvaluesbetweentwoormorepartiesinarelationship,combinedwithattemptstocontroleachotherandantagonisticfeelingstowardeachother(Fisher,1990).Theincompatibilityordifferencemayexistinrealityormayonlybeperceivedbythepartiesinvolved.Nonetheless,theopposingactionsandthehosti
4、leemotionsareveryrealhallmarksofhumanconflict.Conflicthasthepotentialforeitheragreatdealofdestructionormuchcreativityandpositivesocialchange(Kriesberg,1998).Therefore,itisessentialtounderstandthebasicprocessesofconflictsothatwecanworktomaximizeproductiveoutcomesandminimizedestruct
5、iveones.Thispaperwillbrieflydescribesomecommonsourcesofconflict,thelevelsofsocialinteractionatwhichconflictoccurs,andthegeneralstrategiesofapproachingconflictthatareavailable.SourcesofConflict:Earlyreviewsinthefieldofconflictresolutionidentifiedalargenumberofschemesfordescribingso
6、urcesortypesofconflict(Fink,1968;Mack&Snyder,1958).Oneoftheearlytheoristsonconflict,DanielKatz(1965),createdatypologythatdistinguishesthreemainsourcesofconflict:economic,value,andpower.1.Economicconflictinvolvescompetingmotivestoattainscarceresources.Each1partywantstogetthemosttha
7、titcan,andthebehaviorandemotionsofeachpartyaredirectedtowardmaximizingitsgain.Unionandmanagementconflictoftenhasasoneofitssourcestheincompatiblegoalsofhowtosliceupthe“economicpie”.2.Valueconflictinvolvesincompatibilityinwaysoflife,ideologies–thepreferences,principlesandpracticesth
8、atpeoplebelievein.Internationalco
