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1、>help.start()>help.start()>exp(-5)>exp(-5)[1]0.006738[1]0.00673899>log(3.8>log(3.8+)+)5050[1]1.335001[1]1.33500140403030VirasakdiChongsuvivatwong20201010Analysisofepidemiological00datausingRandEpicalcEpidemiologyUnitPrinceofSongklaUniversityTHAILANDEPICALC–OK.indd120.2.20081
2、5:24:54AnalysisofEpidemiologicalDataUsingRandEpicalcAuthor:VirasakdiChongsuvivatwongcvirasak@medicine.psu.ac.thEpidemiologyUnitPrinceofSongklaUniversityTHAILANDPrefaceDataanalysisisveryimportantinepidemiologicalresearch.Thecapacityofcomputingfacilitieshasbeensteadilyincreasi
3、ng,movingstateoftheartepidemiologicalstudiesalongthesamedirectionofcomputeradvancement.Currently,therearemanycommercialstatisticalsoftwarepackageswidelyusedbyepidemiologistsaroundtheworld.Fordevelopedcountries,thecostofsoftwareisnotamajorproblem.Fordevelopingcountrieshowever
4、,therealcostisoftentoohigh.Severalresearchersindevelopingcountriesthuseventuallyrelyonapiratedcopyofthesoftware.Freelyavailablesoftwarepackagesarelimitedinnumberandreadinessofuse.EpiInfo,forexample,isfreeandusefulfordataentryandsimpledataanalysis.Advanceddataanalystshoweverf
5、indittoolimitedinmanyaspects.Forexample,itisnotsuitablefordatamanipulationforlongitudinalstudies.Itsregressionanalysisfacilitiescannotcopewithrepeatedmeasuresandmulti-levelmodelling.Thegraphingfacilitiesarealsolimited.ArelativelynewandfreelyavailablesoftwarecalledRispromisin
6、g.Supportedbyleadingstatisticalexpertsworldwide,ithasalmosteverythingthatanepidemiologicaldataanalystneeds.However,itisdifficulttolearnandtousecomparedwithsimilarstatisticalpackagesforepidemiologicaldataanalysissuchasStata.Thepurposeofthisbookisthereforetobridgethisgapbymaki
7、ngReasytolearnforresearchersfromdevelopingcountriesandalsotopromoteitsuse.Myexperienceinepidemiologicalstudiesspansovertwentyyearswithaspecialfondnessofteachingdataanalysis.Inspiredbythespiritoftheopen-sourcesoftwarephilosophy,Ihavespentatremendouseffortexploringthepotential
8、anduseofR.Forfouryears,Ihavebeendevelopinganadd-onpackageforRthatallowsnewr
