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1、CHINA'SFOREIGNPOLICYINHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEByJohnK.FairbankAmericanbreakthroughinstudiesofCommunistChinaduringthelastdecade,despiteallthedifficultiesofstudyfromadistance,hasgivenusanewcapacitytoap-praisePeking'sshiftsofcurrentpolicy.Atthesametime,ourverysuccessinunderst
2、andingshort-termdevelopmentstendstoforeshortenourperspective,asthoughChairmanMao'snewChinawereactuallyasnewashesoferventlyexhortsittobe.Ifweaskthelong-termquestion—WhatisChina'straditioninforeignpolicy,?—ourquerymayprovoketwocounter-questions:DidtheChineseempireeverhave
3、aconsciousforeignpolicy?Evenifitdid,hasn'tMao'srevolutionwipedoutanysurvivingtradition?Toanswerthesequestionsiseasyintheory,difficultinprac-tice.Theoretically,sinceChinahashadtwomillenniaofforeignrelations(theIongestrecordofanyorganizedstate),herbe-haviormusthaveshownun
4、iformities—attitudes,customsand,ineffect,policies.Infact,however,theChineseempirehadnoforeignoffice,andthedynasticrecordof"foreignpolicy"isfragmentedundertopicslikebordercontrol,frontiertrade,punitiveexpeditions,tributeembassies,imperialbenevolencetoforeignrulersandthel
5、ike,sothatithasseldombeenpulledto-getherandstudiedasanintelligiblewhole.Again,onemaytheorizethatMaoismisonlythelatestefforttomeetChina'sproblemsofnationalorderandpeople'sliveli-hoodonChinesesoil:thescene,thewherewithal,eventheissuesarelargelyinherited,andtheviolentshril
6、lnessofMao'sattackonChinesetraditionindicatestoushowdifficulthehasfoundittobreakfreeofthattradition.ButforthisveryreasonwecannotinpracticelooktoMaoismforarealisticdefinitionofChina'sforeignpolicyinterestsandaimsoverthecenturies.Mostoftherecordissimplycondemnedandbrushed
7、aside,exceptaspartsofitmayfitintocurrentpolemics.IfPeking'sforeignrelationshaveleftastillpotenttradition,wehavetodiscoveritourselves.Todealwithamajorpowerwithoutregardforitshistory,and450FOREIGNAFFAIRSespeciallyitstraditioninforeignpolicy,istrulytobeflyingblind.Thefactt
8、hatinthecaseofChinawehaveflownblindandstillsurviveddoesnotguaranteeourfuture.Evenwithus,traditionprovidestheba
