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1、1.7脊柱的靜力學(xué)問題1、脊柱的特點(diǎn)頸椎1~7cervicalvertebrae胸椎1~12thoracicvertebrae脊椎腰椎1~5lumbarvertebrae骶骨sacral尾骨coccygeal作用：保護(hù)脊髓，支撐頭、頸和上部軀干由多個(gè)從合關(guān)節(jié)(amphiarthrodialjionts)構(gòu)成，整體來看具有杵臼關(guān)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)2、寰枕關(guān)節(jié)與寰樞關(guān)節(jié)寰枕關(guān)節(jié)atlantooccipitaljoint寰椎cervicalvertebraei.e.atlas枕骨髁（兩個(gè)）condyloidoccipital允許前、后與側(cè)向的擺動(dòng)i.e.insagittalfrontalplanes寰樞
2、關(guān)節(jié)atlantoaxial寰椎樞椎齒突odontoidprocess柱狀關(guān)節(jié)，允許水平面上的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)transversalplane相關(guān)骨骼肌頭部肌群頭頸肌群豎脊肌群腰肌腹部肌群3.相關(guān)的骨骼肌頭部肌肉起點(diǎn)止點(diǎn)功能頭夾肌Spleniuscapitus下部頸椎和上部胸椎Spinesofupperthoracicvertebrae乳突后側(cè)和上項(xiàng)線Backofmastoidprocessandsuperiornuchalline使頭部伸、旋轉(zhuǎn)和側(cè)彎胸鎖乳突肌Sternoclei-domastoid胸骨柄前，鎖骨上側(cè)端twoheadsfrommanubriumanduppersurfaceofcl
3、avicle乳突和上項(xiàng)線外側(cè)1/3outersurfaceofmastoidprocessandlateral1/3ofsuperiornuchalline旋轉(zhuǎn)、側(cè)彎頭頸，提胸骨及肋骨支配頭部運(yùn)動(dòng)的其他肌群4.舌骨上肌群和舌骨下肌群功能：提升及沉降舌骨suprahyoidmusclesandinfrahyoidmuscles5.肩胛提肌Levatorscapulae(aswehaveknown)6.腹部肌群腹外斜肌ExternalobliqueOutersurfaceoflower8ribs髂脊和白線Passesdownandmediallytoiliaccrestandlineaalb
4、aFlexandlaterallyflexlumbarvertebrae(彎腰和側(cè)彎腰)；compressabdomentoexpelcontents;(壓縮腹部協(xié)助排便)obliquesaremainrotatorsoflumbarspine（腰椎）腹內(nèi)斜肌Internaloblique胸腰筋膜、髂脊Thoracolumbarfascia,iliaccrestPassesupandmediallytolower3ribsandlineaalba腹橫肌Transversusabdominis下6條肋內(nèi)面、胸腰筋膜、髂脊、腹股溝韌帶外側(cè)Deeponcostal(肋)cartilages,i
5、lliaccrestandinguinal（腹股溝）ligament腹直肌外側(cè)緣變?yōu)殡炷ぶ褂诎拙€Aponeurosis(腱膜)ofinternalintercostal腹直肌Rectusabdominus恥骨結(jié)合線，恥骨脊Pubicsymphysisandpubiccrest劍突和第5～7肋軟骨SternumandlowercostalcartilagesFlexlumbarspine,compressabdomen7.豎脊肌erectorspinaemuscles一組肌群包括：棘肌spinalis胸最長肌longissimusthoracis頭最長肌longissimuscapitus
6、髂肋肌iliocostalis起點(diǎn)：骶骨背面，髂脊后部止點(diǎn)：椎骨，肋骨，枕骨伸展，旋轉(zhuǎn)以及側(cè)彎脊柱該肌群的具體起止點(diǎn)位置請(qǐng)參照手冊頭半棘肌SemispinaliscapitusC3-7及T1-6橫突Transverseprocessesoflower4cervicalandupper6thoracicvertebrae枕骨上下項(xiàng)線間，斜方肌深面BetweensuperiorandinferiornuchallinesonskullExtend,rotate,andlaterallyflexvertebralcolumn頸半棘肌SemispinaliscervicisArticularpr
7、ocesses(關(guān)節(jié)突)oflowercervicalvertebraeandtransverseprocessesofupperT.vertebraeSpans(橫跨)3to6vertebraeandinsertsofspinesofcervicalvertebrae8.頭頸肌腰方肌Quadratuslumborum髂脊和底部腰椎的橫突Iliaccrestandtransverseprocessesoflowerlumbarver
