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1、HowtoBeaSuccessfulScientistPaulThagardUniversityofWaterloopthagard@uwaterloo.caThagard,P.(2005).Howtobeasuccessfulscientist.InM.E.Gorman,R.D.Tweney,D.C.Gooding&A.P.Kincannon(Eds.),Scientificandtechnologicalthinking(pp.159-171).Mawah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates.Introduction
2、Studiesinthehistory,philosophy,sociology,andpsychologyofscienceandtechnologyhavegatheredmuchinformationaboutimportantcasesofscientificdevelopment.Thesecasesusuallyconcernthemostsuccessfulscientistsandinventors,suchasDarwin,Einstein,andEdison.Butcasestudiesrarelyaddressthequ
3、estionofwhatmadetheseinvestigatorsmoreaccomplishedthanthelegionsofscientificlaborerswhosenameshavebeenforgotten.Thischapterisanattempttoidentifymanyofthepsychologicalandotherfactorsthatmakesomescientistshighlysuccessful.Iexploretwosourcesofinformationaboutroutestoscientific
4、achievement.ThefirstderivesfromasurveythatJeffShragerconductedattheWorkshoponCognitiveStudiesofScienceandTechnologyattheUniversityofVirginiainMarch,2001.Heaskedtheparticipantstolist“7habitsofhighlycreativepeople”,andaftertheworkshopheandIcompiledalistofhabitsrecommendedbyth
5、edistinguishedgroupofhistorians,philosophers,andpsychologistsattheworkshop.MysecondsourceofinformationaboutthefactorscontributingtoscientificsuccessisadvicegivenbythreedistinguishedbiologistswhoeachwonaNobelprize:SantiagoRamónyCajal,PeterMedawar,andJamesWatson.Thesebiologis
6、tsprovideadvicethatusefullysupplementsthesuggestionsfromtheworkshopparticipants.December21,2004HabitsofHighlyCreativePeopleWhenJeffShrageraskedtheworkshopparticipantstosubmitsuggestionsforalistof“7habitsofhighlycreativepeople”,Iwasskepticalthattheywouldcomeupwithanythingles
7、stritethanworkhardandbesmart.Butthesuggestionsturnedouttobequiteinteresting,andJeffandIcompiledandorganizedthemintothelistshownintable1.Notsurprisingly,wedidnotendupwith7habits,butratherwith27organizedinto6classes.Thefirstclassofhabitsconcernswaystomakenewconnections,recogn
8、izingthefactthatcreativityinscienceandtechnologyusuallyinvolvesputtingtogetheridea
