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1、EnergycostsandtheoptimaluseofgroundwateraJamesRoumassetUniversityofHawaiiatManoa2424MaileWay,Saunders542Honolulu,HI96822,U.S.A.bcChristopherWadaUniversityofHawaiiEconomicResearchOrganization2424MaileWay,Saunders540Honolulu,HI96822,U.S.A.AbstractTomeetthegrow
2、ingdemandforfreshwater,manyregionshaveincreasedpumpingofgroundwaterinrecentyears,resultingindeclininggroundwaterlevelsworldwide.Apromisingdevelopmentistechnicalchangeregardinggroundwatersubstitutessuchasdesalinationandwastewaterrecycling.However,becausethese
3、technologiesareenergyintensive,optimalimplementationalsodependsonfutureenergypricetrends.Weprovideanoperationalmodelfortheapplicationtoreverse-osmosisseawaterdesalination.Withthisfoundation,weoutlinearesearchagendaforextendingtheframeworktoothergroundwatersu
4、bstitutesandforadaptationtoclimatechange.Keywords:Groundwatermanagement,water-energynexus,dynamicoptimizationJELcode:Q25aProfessor,DepartmentofEconomics;ResearchFellow,UniversityofHawaiiEconomicResearchOrganization;E-mail:jimr@hawaii.edu.bResearchEconomist;E
5、-mail:cawada@hawaii.edu;Tel:(808)956-2325;Fax:(808)956-4347.cCorrespondingauthor.1IntroductionGroundwateristheworld’smostextractedrawmaterial–currentwithdrawalratesare3estimatedat982kmperyear–andprovides25-40percentoftheglobalpopulation’sdrinkingwater(NGWA,2
6、013).IntheUnitedStates,groundwaterconstitutesroughly20percent(80billiongallonsperday)oftotalwaterwithdrawals(USGS,2009)andsuppliesnearlyallthmunicipalwateruseinsomestates,suchasHawaii.Sincethebeginningofthe20century,groundwaterwatertableshavefalleninmanyaqui
7、fersacrossthecountry.Forexample,areasintheGulfCoastalPlainhaveexperienceddeclinesof70-400feet,areasintheHighPlainsandPacificNorthwesthaveseendeclinesofmorethan100feet,andtheDesertSouthwestandChicago-Milwaukeeareahavefaceddeclinesof300-500and900feetrespective
8、ly(Konikow,2013).Apromisingdevelopmentistechnicalchangeregardinggroundwatersubstitutessuchasdesalinationandwastewaterrecycling.Unfortunatelythesetechnologiesareenergyintensiveandenergypricesarea
