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1、LogicandLanguageNevilleDeanLogicandLanguageNevilleDean?C.NevilleDean2003Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthispublicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmittedsavewithwrittenperm
2、issionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicencepermittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP.Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationtothispublicat
3、ionmaybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages.TheauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.Firstpublished2003byPALGRAVEMACMILLANHoundmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand
4、175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010CompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworldPALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgraveMacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd.Macmillan?isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKi
5、ngdomandothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropeanUnionandothercountries.ISBN0–333–91977–7paperbackThisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfullymanagedandsustainedforestsources.AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBri
6、tishLibrary.1098765432112111009080706050403PrintedinChinaContentsListofTablesviiListofFiguresixPrefacexiAcknowledgementsxiii1Language,LogicandSymbols11.1Informationandtechnology11.2Characteristicsofnaturallanguage21.3Connectives31.4Semantics41.5Truthvalues
7、41.6Conjunction,DisjunctionandNegation51.7Reasoninginnaturallanguage81.8Symbols102CompoundPropositions152.1Symbolicconnectives152.2Operators162.3Conjunctionasanoperator172.4Schematicletters192.5Negationasanoperator212.6Disjunctionasanoperator222.7Useofsche
8、maticletters232.8Morecomplexcompoundpropositions242.9Parsetrees252.10Compoundpropositionsfromparsetrees282.11Connectivepriorities292.12Removingparentheses332.13Truthvaluesofcompoundpropositions34iiiivContents
