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1、PHYSICALREVIEWB88,195414(2013)StrongcouplingofopticalnanoantennasandatomicsystemsK.S?owik,R.Filter,J.Straubel,F.Lederer,andC.RockstuhlInstituteofCondensedMatterTheoryandSolidStateOptics,AbbeCenterofPhotonics,Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitatJena,D-07743Jena,Germany¨(Received27May2013;revisedmanuscr
2、iptreceived17October2013;published13November2013)Anopticalnanoantennaandadjacentatomicsystemsarestronglycoupledwhenanexcitationisrepeatedlyexchangedbetweenthesesubsystemspriortoitseventualdissipationintotheenvironment.Itremainschallengingtoreachthestrong-couplingregimebutitisequallyrewarding.Onc
3、etheyareachieved,promisingapplicationssuchassignalprocessingatthenanoscaleandatthesingle-photonlevelwouldimmediatelybecomeavailable.Here,westudysuchhybridcon?gurationfromdifferentperspectives.Thecon?gurationweconsiderconsistsoftwoidenticalatomicsystems,describedinatwo-levelapproximation,whichare
4、stronglycoupledtoanopticalnanoantenna.First,weinvestigatewhenthishybridsystemrequiresafullyquantumdescription,andweprovideasimpleanalyticalcriterion.Second,adesignforananoantennaispresentedthatenablesthestrong-couplingregime.Inadditiontoavividtimeevolution,thestrongcouplingisdocumentedinexperime
5、ntallyaccessiblequantities,suchastheextinctionspectra.Thelatterareshowntobestronglymodi?edifthehybridsystemisweaklydrivenandoperatesinthequantumregime.We?ndthattheextinctionspectradependsensitivelyonthenumberofatomicsystemscoupledtothenanoantenna.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.88.195414PACSnumber(s):81.16
6、.Ta,73.21.?b,42.50.Ct,73.20.MfI.INTRODUCTIONMetallicopticalnanoantennashaveproventobeidealintailoringlight-matterinteractionsatthenanoscale.Theyenabledrasticchangestothespontaneous-emissionratesofadjacentatomicsystemsortheirradiationproperties;see,e.g.,Refs.16.Althoughthemodi?edlight-matterinter
7、actionmanifestsinamultitudeofphenomena,allofthemareeventuallypromotedbythesameunderlyingprinciple,i.e.,thatmetallicopticalnanoantennascansupportstronglylocalizedsurface-plasmonpolaritons.Thisisattheheartofallobserva-FIG.1.(C
