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1、Chapter3TheengineeringpropertiesofrockAsamaterial,thestudyonengineeringpropertiesofrockisveryimportsntforengineerswhetherinsurfaceengineering(suchasfoundationshighwaysandrailroads,damsandreservoirsslopes)orsubsurfaceengineering(suchastunneling,storagecaverns,
2、disposalchambers).Generallyspeaking,Themechanicalbehaviorofrocksdependonthephysicalcharacteristicsofrocks.Theengineersneedtonotonlymechanicalbehaviorofrockbutalsotheirresponsetoappliedloads,themechanicalbehaviorsofrocksorrockmassandtheinflueneeofgroundwaterto
3、theirbehaviorsareallthekeyproblemsforgeologicalengineers.§3-1Themainphysicalpropertiesofintactrock1Specificgravity(d$)Theratiobetweenthemassandthatofequalvolumeofwater(i.e.theratioofmassdensityandwaterdensity).ds=WsVs?pw2Watercontent(co):Theratiobetweenthewei
4、ghtofwaterandtheweightofsolid.Ww=」xl00%比3Bulkspecificgravity:Theratiobetweenthetotalweightandthetotalvolumeofrock廠一肥V(KN/m3)Mostsilicatemineralshavedensitiesbetween26KN/m3and32KN/m3.Becauseofthismostigneousandmetamorphicrockshavedensitiesbetween26KN/m3and32KN
5、/m3.Limestoneandothersedimentaryrocksusuallyhavesomewhatlowerdensities(20to26KNIm3)becausetheyhavesignificantporosity.Sedimentsgenerallyhavedensitiessimilartothisorlower.1Porosity(n)Theratiobetweenthevolumeofvoidspace(containingliquidsandorgases)andtotalvolum
6、e?V斤二二X100%V2Absorbability(吸水性)w⑷匕(常壓下)3Softness(軟化性)ChangeconditioninstrengthwhensaturatedwithwaterKP^saturated)0.75~1弱軟化"-—P,(dry)—[<0.75強(qiáng)軟化4Anti-frozenabilitydecliningdegreeofcompressingstrength(P、一PJthedifference片(beforetest}5Permeability(R):Themeasuremen
7、toftherateatwhichfluidswillflowthroughasaturatedmaterials.WewilldiscussthemeasurementsofpermeabilitylaterinthelectureofGroundwater.§3-2Mechanicspropertiesofrock一TheconceptofstressandstrainofrocksStressisdefinedasforceperunitarea.TheunitsofstressarePascals?Soi
8、lstressesaretypicallyinthekilopascalrange(kPa).RockstressesareusuallymeasuredinMegapascals(MPa).Aloadappliedtoamaterialresultsinastressatanypointwithinit.Stressesmaybe:Compressiveorsqueez
