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《American Realism》由會(huì)員上傳分享，免費(fèi)在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在行業(yè)資料-天天文庫(kù)。
1、AmericanRealism:1865-19101.PoliticalBackgroud:BytheendoftheCivilWar(1861-1865)mostoftheforcesthatwouldtypifytwentith-centuryAmericabegantoemerge.Northernindustrialismhadtriumphedoversouthernagrarianism,andfromthatvictorycameasocietybasedonmasslaborandmassconsumption.Mechaniza
2、tionspreadrapidlyassteamengines,linkedtomachines,displacedhandworkonfarmsandinfactories.Theconditionsoflaborchanged,forthenewmachines,withtheirgreatcostandefficiency,seemedfarmorevaluableandmoreusefulthantheworkerswhotendedthem.Inthecities,swollenwithgrowingnumbersofthepooran
3、dtheunskilled,angryforceswerestirringthatwouldprofoundlyalterthenation’spoliticsanditssocialideas.InthefirstdecadesaftertheCivilWar,Americansceasedtobeisolatedfromtheworldandfromeachother.ThetempooflifeacceleratedasAmericansbecameincreasinglymobile.2.literaryCharacteristicsof
4、theAgeInmostpeople'sminds,theyearsfollowingtheCivilWarsymbolizedatimeofhealingandrebuilding.Forthoseengagedinseriousliterarycircles,however,thatperiodwasfullofupheaval.Aliterarycivilwarragedonbetweenthecampsoftheromanticsandtherealistsandlater,thenaturalists.?Peoplewagedverba
5、lbattlesoverthewaysthatfictionalcharacterswerepresentedinrelationtotheirexternalworld.Usingplotandcharacterdevelopment,awriterstatedhisorherphilosophyabouthowmuchcontrolmankindhadoverhisowndestiny.Forexample,romanticwriterssuchasRalphWaldoEmersoncelebratedtheabilityofhumanwil
6、ltotriumphoveradversity.Ontheotherhand,MarkTwain,WilliamDeanHowellsandHenryJameswereinfluencedbytheworksofearlyEuropeanRealists,namelyBalzac'sLaComedieHumaine(beguninthe1830s人間喜劇》展示了法國(guó)社會(huì)的整個(gè)面貌，其社會(huì)歷史內(nèi)容可以歸納為：貴族衰亡、資產(chǎn)者發(fā)跡、金錢罪惡三大主題);Turgenev'sSportsman'sSketches(1852獵人筆記》（俄語(yǔ)：Записки
7、охотника），俄羅斯作家伊萬·謝爾蓋耶維奇·屠格涅夫的成名作，共有中短篇小說25篇，是一位俄國(guó)中部地區(qū)的獵人的隨筆集，作者從民主主義立場(chǎng)上，控訴農(nóng)奴在農(nóng)奴制度下的悲慘遭遇，揭露地主的殘暴、奢侈。);andFlaubert'sMadameBovary(1856福樓拜代表作長(zhǎng)篇小說《包法利夫人》,小說描寫的是一位小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)婦女因?yàn)椴粷M足平庸的生活而逐漸墮落的過程。主人公愛瑪為了追求浪漫和優(yōu)雅的生活而自甘墮落與人通奸，最終因?yàn)樨?fù)債累累無力償還而身敗名裂，服毒自殺。).TheseAmericanrealistsbelievedthathumanit
8、y'sfreedomofchoicewaslimitedbythepowerofoutsideforces.Atanotherextre
