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1、ChapterEight LanguageinUse28.1.1DefinitionofPragmaticsThestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.31.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonlinguistics.2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewould
2、keepmeawake.3.A:我?guī)У腻X不夠，今天買不了。B:那就下次再買吧。Pragmatics48.1.2SemanticsandPragmatics1.Semantics:Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.,apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,sentenceswereallstudiedinisolationfro
3、mlanguageuse.2.Pragmatics:Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageuseisleftunconsidered.Therefore,contextistakenintoconsideration.5KeyinthedistinctionBothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudythemeaningofalinguisticform.However,the
4、yaredifferentinmanyrespects,suchastheirresearchmethods,theirresearchscope.Whatessentiallydistinguishesthemiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Ifititsnotconsidered,thestudyisconfinedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;Ifitisconsidered,thestud
5、yisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.68.2SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)Speechacts:actionsperformedviautterances1.Igotupveryearlythismorning.2.Wearehavingaclassonlinguistics.3.I’msorryformakingyoubored.4.Let’sgoandhaveadr
6、ink.1and2:verifiableconstatives(述事話語)3and4:unverifiableperformatives(行事話語)7Constatives:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,e.g.:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.8.2.1Constativesvs.Performative
7、s8Performatives:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.Constativesvs.performatives9Ido.InamethisshipQueenElizabeth.Ib
8、etyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Iapologize.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.Performatives10Felicityconditions:A.(i)Therem
