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1、外文翻譯原文Braindrain,braingainandbraincirculationMaterrialSource:Globalisation,SocietiesandEducationVol.4,No.1,March2006,pp.1–5Author:SusanL.RobertsonTheterm‘braindrain’,popularisedinthe1950swithreferencetoimmigrationtotheUnitedStates,has,inthepast10years,becomeanimportantifnotcontroversialpoliticalan
2、deconomicissue.Itsimportancederivesfromtheviewthatpoliticiansandpolicy-makershavethatbrainsarethebasisforacompetitiveedgeintheso-called‘newknowledgeeconomy’.However,itisnotjustanyoldbrain.Rather,theraceisonbetweencountriestoattractthebestbrainsfromaroundtheworldinordertogeneratetheideasthatwillint
3、urnleadtoinnovations,patentsandprofits.Thequestionfacingpolicy-makers,industryleadersanduniversities,ishowtoattractandkeeptheseindividualsinparticularlocations—whichiswhatmakesthisaparticularlypoliticalmatter—astheyareclearlymovingfromsomewhere.Muchoftheconcern,then,iswiththemovementofthetalenteda
4、ndhighlyskilledfromthosecountriesthatcanleastaffordtolosethem,suchasmanyofthesub-SaharanAfricancountries,tocountriesliketheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStatesofAmerica,FranceandGermany,whoseemtoactlikeamagnetbyofferingbetterconditionsforworkandstudy.Thisseemsparticularlyunfairifthesendingcountryhasinves
5、tedheavilyintheeducationandtrainingofthesestudentsandskilledworkers,onlytolosethemtoanothercountry.Atthesametime,someobserverspointoutthatthisviewfailstotakeaccountoftheremittancesthatareoftensentbacktothehomecountry,insomecasesmakingupaverylargeproportionofthenations’grossdomesticproduct.Whatmake
6、stheissuecontroversialisthatopinionisquitesharplydividedastoexactlywhatisgoingon,andhowbesttoassesswhatisgoingon.ThisdivisioncanbeseeninthedifferentviewsontheimplicationsoftheWorldTradeOrganization’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices,specificallytheissueofwhatisreferredtoasMode4or‘presenceofnatural
7、persons’ineducation.Whatthismeansisthatcountriescommittingtheireducationsectorsarebeingaskedtoremoveanybarrierstothefreemovementofstudentsandacademicstaff.DevelopingcountriesregardMode4aspotentiallyusefulinthatmo
