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1、2.Whatisthiscourseabout?Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSoundsChapter3LexiconChapter4SyntaxChapter5MeaningChapter6LanguageandcognitionChapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyChapter8LanguageinuseChapter9languageandliteratureChapter10languageandcomputerChapter
2、11linguisticsandforeignlanguageteachingChapter12Theoriesandschoolsofmodernlinguistics1.languageDefinitionFeaturesFunctions1)Definition:Sapir,1921:Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.(
3、語(yǔ)言是純粹人為的、非本能的、用任意制造出來(lái)的符號(hào)系統(tǒng)來(lái)傳達(dá)觀念、情緒和欲望的方法。）Hall,1968:Languageis"theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols."（語(yǔ)言是人們通過(guò)慣用的任意性的口頭-聽(tīng)覺(jué)符號(hào)進(jìn)行交際和互動(dòng)的慣例。）Chomsky,1957:FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguageto
4、beaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.（從現(xiàn)在起，我將語(yǔ)言看作是一系列有限的或無(wú)限的句子，每個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)度有限，并由有限的成分組合而成。）v語(yǔ)言是人類特有的一種符號(hào)系統(tǒng),當(dāng)它作用于人與人的關(guān)系的時(shí)候,它是表達(dá)相互反映的中介;當(dāng)它作用于人和客觀世界的關(guān)系的時(shí)候,它是認(rèn)知事物的工具;當(dāng)它作用于文化的時(shí)候,它是文化信息的載體和容器。AGenerallyAcceptedDefinitionvL
5、anguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.UnderstandingtheDefinitionvWhyasystem?vWhyarbitrary?vWhyvocal?vWhysymbols?vWhyhuman?vWhycommunication?vsystem:elementsinlanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.varbitrary:thereisnointrinsicconnectionb
6、etweenthewordandthethingswereferto.vvocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguagessymbol:wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconventionhuman:languageishumanspecific,differentfromthecommunicationsystemofanimalsThearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationa
7、nditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.vProductivity/creativity:Humanbeingscanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.vDuality:lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)higherlevel----meaningasmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupe
8、dintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitelynumberofsentences.Culturaltr
