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1、Unit1invitationstolinguistics1.Designfeaturesoflanguage:Thedesignfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimalslArbitrariness?Theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiesto
2、whichtheyrefer./Theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.üArbitrarinessrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.(e.g.murmurous/murderous)üArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelFunctionalistsholdthatthemoststrictlyarbitraryleveloflanguageexiste
3、dinthedistinctiveunitsofsoundsbywhichwedistinguishpairsofwordslikepinandbin,orfishanddish.(e.g.Asthenightfell,thewindrose.)üArbitrarinessandconventionConvention:itisanidiom------itisaconventiontosaythingslikethisway.(WheninRome,doasromansdo.)lDuality:?Thestructuralorganiz
4、ationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(wordsandphrase)andmeaninglesssegments(soundandletters)?Thesecondaryunitsaremeaninglessandtheprimaryunitsaremeaningful.üTrafficlightsystemdoesnothaveduality:itcannotbedividedintomeaninglessunits,soitonlyhasprimarylevelli
5、keanimals.?Alargenumberofmeaningfulunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements----productivepower.lCreativity?Thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.?It’spotentialtocreateendlesssentences.(re
6、cursiveness)lDisplacementTheabilityoflanguageenabletheiruserssymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.2.OriginoflanguagelThe“bow-bow”theory:imitatingofanimalcallsinwildenvironmentlThe“pooh-pooh”theory:theyutterinstinct
7、ivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.lThe“yo-he-yo”theory:asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.1.Functionsoflanguage：lInformativefunction:totellandtogivesomethingoutlInterpersonalfunction:(人際功能)bywhichpe
8、opleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.?Forexample,thewayinwhichpeopleaddressothersandref
