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1、第三章水、電解質(zhì)代謝紊亂Disordersofwaterandelectrolytesmetabolism實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:血pH7.29、血清Na+123mmol/L、血清Clˉ98mmol/L、血清K+3.5mmol/L、血漿滲透壓265mmol/L;SB16mmol/L;血清尿素氮9.0mmol/L、尿檢正常。CaseStudy患者:42歲,男性。2天前因食入不潔食物后出現(xiàn)惡心、腹痛、不能進(jìn)食,每天十多次水樣便。昨在本地醫(yī)院抗炎治療和輸入1000ml5%葡萄糖,未見(jiàn)好轉(zhuǎn)。入院檢查:口層發(fā)紫,皮膚彈性降低,眼窩下陷,脈搏無(wú)力,血壓85/60mmHg,尿量400ml/日。問(wèn):(1)
2、患者為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述癥狀與體癥?(2)其發(fā)生機(jī)制是什么?臨床診斷:急性胃腸炎第一節(jié)水鈉代謝障礙(Disordersofwaterandsodiummetabolism)一、正常水、鈉代謝(Waterandsodiummetabolism)體液的容量及滲透壓的調(diào)節(jié)regulationofvolumeandosmoticofbodyfluid靜水壓與滲透壓hydrostatic&osmoticpressure體液容量與分布volume&distribution體液的電解質(zhì)組成compositionofelectrolytesPhysiologyofwaterandsodiummet
3、abolism1.體液容量與分布(Volume&distributionofbodyfluids)*totalbodywater,TBW;intracellularfluid,ICF;extracellularfluid,ECF表1正常人體液分布與容量(占體重%)(approximatevolumeofbodyfluidcompartments)成人(男)婦女新生兒老年人TBW6050-558052interstitialfluid15144020plasma5455ICF40353527ECF20184525(ICF)(ECF)(Interstitialfluid)(Plas
4、ma)Table2ELECTROLYTECOMPOSITIONOFBOODFLUIDSCompartmentalconcentration(mEq/L)plasmainterstitialfluidintracellularfluidpositiveionNa+14214010K+55150Ca2+550.0001Mg2+3340total155153200negativeionCl?1031123HCO3?272810HPO42?24142SO42?125organicacid66—protein(Pr?)16140total1551532002.體液電解質(zhì)組成(Compos
5、itionofelectrolyteinbodyfluids)■靜水壓(Hydrostaticpressure)相鄰的兩個(gè)體液腔隙,由于壓力不同,水從壓力高的腔隙向壓力低的腔隙轉(zhuǎn)移,促使水轉(zhuǎn)移的壓力稱為靜水壓。H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O靜水壓壓力高壓力低H2O滲透壓高滲透壓低⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙⊙H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O滲透壓H2O■滲透壓(Osmoticpressure)相鄰兩個(gè)體液腔隙的靜水壓相等,而體液中溶質(zhì)的濃度不同,那么水將由溶質(zhì)濃度低的腔隙向溶質(zhì)濃度高的腔隙轉(zhuǎn)移,推動(dòng)水
6、滲透的力稱為滲透壓。(Hydrostatic&osmoticpressure)3.靜水壓和滲透壓(體液移動(dòng)的動(dòng)力)【細(xì)胞外液滲透壓構(gòu)成】血漿總滲透(280-310mmol/L)晶體滲透壓(99.5%)(Na+、K+等晶體構(gòu)成)膠體滲透壓(0.5%)(蛋白構(gòu)成)■食物提供:Na+2~4g/24h,■鈉排出:▲腎排出100~140mmol/24h(多吃多排,少吃少排,不吃不排)▲糞便排出>10mg/24h?!挂汉c量約10~70mmol/L;▲腸道消化液富含NaHCO3?!锯c平衡調(diào)節(jié)(RegulationofSodiumBalance)】■鈉含量與分布(Content&distr
7、ibutionofbodysodium)▲Contentofsodium:58mmol/kg,totalbodysodium:60~80g/60kg.▲DistributionofbodysodiumECF45%ICF10%Bone45%serumNa+concentration:135~145mmol/L4.體液的交換調(diào)節(jié)(Exchangesandregulationofbodyfluid)細(xì)胞內(nèi)外液體交換調(diào)節(jié)(exchangebetweenICEandECF)血漿與細(xì)胞間液的交換調(diào)節(jié)(e