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1、9.3ATaxonomyofOrientationsTimeEnvironmentstructureSpacePowerThinkingIndividualismContentscompetitiveness※EnvironmentBrakeetal.TrompenaarsNLP(Neo-LinguisticProgramming)ControlHarmonyconstraintInner-directedOuter-directedProactiveReactiveCulturesvaryintheirperceptionoftheenvironment.Theym
2、ayfeeltheycancontroltheenvironment,attheoppositeendofthecline,theenvironment(includingsupernaturalforces,destiny,luck)hasameasureofcontroloverthem.TheU.S.Controlorientationair-conditioning“Thebucksstopshere”SouthernEuropeConstraintorientationAcceptanceofforcemajeurandactsofGodNative-Ame
3、ricanandEasternDominantorientationInharmonywithenvironmentalforcesBrakeetal.HallNLP·single-focus·multi-focusMonochronicpolychronicThroughtimeIntime·fixed·fluidPast/Present/Future(Kluckholn)Awayfrom/Towards※TimeMonochronic/PolychronicTypeFeatureorFocusCountryExampleMonochronictimecutureT
4、imeastheframe(schedules)TaskNorthEurope,AmericaIt’srudetointerruptameeting,client,orphonecalltoattendtoanotherpersonPolychronicormulti-focusculturesRelationshipsMulti-taskingMediterranean,Arab,SouthAmerica,andAsiaInbank,it’srudetoserveonlyonepersonandnottoanswerthephoneoranotherimportan
5、tperson.Fluidtime/FixedtimeFixedTime:1.time(technically)2.apologybetween1and5minutes3.Justintime,andTimeandMotion4.American,German,SwissFluidtime:punctuality(flexibility)“subito”–immediately:I’llbewithyouwhenIhavefinishedwhatI’mdoing.DelaysFifteentothirtyminuteslateItalianacademictimeCh
6、eckwhichtimeisbeingtalkedaboutPast/Present/Future☆Past-orientedcultures：TraditionHistoricalcontextRoadnamesrecordinganeventorpersonalityinhistoryTelevisioninterviews(inBritainandItaly)☆Present-orientedculturesEmphasizethehereandnowHistoryisbunkandfutureisnotsoimportantTimewaitsfornoman.
7、☆Future-orientedculturesJapanesePlanforthenexthundredyearsItaly※SpacePrivate/PublicIndividualprivacyVmorepublicuseofspaceDistance/ProximityPreferencefordistance/lowphysicalcontactVproximity/highphysicalcontactTrompenaars:SpecificorientationopenaccesstopersonallifespaceDiffuseor
