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1、Chapter11DisplacementcurrentMaxwell’sequations§1Maxwell’selectromagnetictheory§2Maxwell’sequations§3Electromagneticwave§4Examples經(jīng)典電磁理論的奠基人,氣體動(dòng)理論創(chuàng)始人之一.提出了有旋場(chǎng)和位移電流的概念,建立了經(jīng)典電磁理論,并預(yù)言了以光速傳播的電磁波的存在.在氣體動(dòng)理論方面,提出了氣體分子按速率分布的統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律.麥克斯韋(1831-1879)英國(guó)物理學(xué)家1865年麥克斯韋
2、在總結(jié)前人工作的基礎(chǔ)上,提出完整的電磁場(chǎng)理論,他的主要貢獻(xiàn)是提出了“有旋電場(chǎng)”和“位移電流”兩個(gè)假設(shè),從而預(yù)言了電磁波的存在,并計(jì)算出電磁波的速度(即光速).(真空中)§1Maxwell’selectromagnetictheory1Maxwell’sfirstsupposition-curlelectricfieldFaraday:Thetotalfieldatapointinspace:Maxwell:ElectrostaticfieldCurlelectricfieldorinducedel
3、ectricfieldElectrostaticfield:(1)Thedifferencebetweenelectrostaticfieldandinducedelectricfield:實(shí)質(zhì):Acirculatingelectricfieldcanbecreatedbyachangingmagneticfield.Faraday’slawofelectromagneticinduction.Achangingmagneticfluxcreatesanelectromotiveforce.2Ma
4、xwell’ssecondsupposition----displacementcurrent位移電流麥克斯韋對(duì)電磁場(chǎng)理論的重大貢獻(xiàn)的核心是位移電流的假說(shuō),它是將安培環(huán)路定理應(yīng)用于含有電容的交變電路中出現(xiàn)矛盾而引出的。(1)Ampere’scircuitaltheoremConstantcurrent:Ampere’slawstatesthatthesameequationholdsiftheplanecircularregionisreplacedbyanysurfacehavingCasits
5、boundary.通過(guò)以環(huán)路為周界所有曲面的電流相等,與曲面形狀、位置無(wú)關(guān)。CAmpere’scircuitaltheoremfailsinthecircuitshowninrightFig:在研究含有電容(capacitor)的交變電流電路時(shí),應(yīng)用安培環(huán)路定理就會(huì)出現(xiàn)矛盾。穩(wěn)恒情況下得到的安培定理不能用于交變電路中Ontheotherhand,becausenocurrentisemerging,chargeisbuildingupinside,andasaresult,electricflux
6、isbuildingupbetweenthecapacitorplates,andtherefore,fluxlinespassthroughthehemisphericalsurface.Theelectricfluxisgivenby(2)ThecorrectionofAmpere’scircuitaltheoremThesuppositionofdisplacementcurrent矛盾是由電流變化造成的,即傳導(dǎo)電流在交變電容電路中不再連續(xù);如果假設(shè)在變化的電容器中有另一種電流存在,整個(gè)電路
7、的電流就又連續(xù)了。在電容器中無(wú)傳導(dǎo)電流但有變化的電場(chǎng),有電位移。Maxwellarguedthatthisbuildupofelectricfluxcouldbejustwhat’sneededtocorrectAmpere’sequation.Thefluxisrelatedtothecurrentflowingintotheregionbyequation:+++++-----IIABMaxwellthoughtofthetermasrepresentingakindoffictitiousc
8、urrenttocompletethecircuitthatisinterruptedbythecapacitor.ItiscalledDisplacementcurrentMaxwellreasonedthateitherrealcurrent,I,ordisplacementcurrent,Id,(orboth)mightflowanygivensurface,butthesumI+Idthatflowsintoanyregionmustalsoflowout.Totalcur