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1、shortstory:ashortstoryisrelativelyabrieffictionalnarrativeinprose.fiction:anarrativetoldinprose.openending:incontrasttoclosedendingwhichclosethestorywitharealend,open-endedstoriescanprovideexcellentcreativewritingmotivation,leavingroomandspaceforreaderstoimagineandcreate.pointofview:iti
2、sthevantagepoint(有利位置)fromwhicheventsarepresented.Setting:itreferstothegeographiclocationandthehistoricalperiodinwhichaliteraryworkisset.setting>backgroundtheme>subjectcharacter:charactermeansthefeaturesandtraitthatformtheindividualnatureofaperson,andbyextension,referstoonewhotypifiesso
3、medefinitequality.flatcharacter:itisconstructedaroundasingleideaorquality.methodsofcharacterization:Directly;Indirectly;Thepresentationofcharacter’smind.Story:itisanarrativefollowingaseriesofhappeningintimeorder.Plot:itisanarrativewithanemphasisonfallingoncausality.Flashback(倒敘):Thewrit
4、ermaynotpresentthestory’seventinstricttimesequence.Hemayplungereadersintobackintothemiddleofthethings,orchoosetobeginfromtheendingpartandthenmovebackintothepasttoreconstructtheeventsthatleaduptothefinaloutcome.Style:Itisthetypicalwayawriterpresentshislanguage,theindividualpersonalityint
5、hework.Tone:Thenotionofspeakingvoiceinwhichweexpressattitude.Romanticism:Asourceofilluminationoftheworld；HeartoverHead；Imagination/emotionoverlogicandreason.Irony(反諷):Ironyiscreatedbywhatissaidandwhatreadersbelievetobetrue.Is“setting”thesameas“background”?No.“Background”justreferstothet
6、imeandtheplace.“setting”canmeanmorethan“background”.Canwereaderstrustthenarratorallthetime?Whyorwhynot?No.Becauseanarratorofastorymaybereliableorunreliable,objectiveorsubjective,fairorpartial,sympatheticordetached(超脫的）,simpleorsophisticated（老練的）,ignorantorinsightful（富有洞察力的）.TheGildedAge
7、:鍍金時代InAmericanhistory,theGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionerasofthelate19thcentury.ButtoopenlandswestoftheMississippiRivertowhitesettlers,thePlainsIndianswerepushedinaseriesofIndianwarsontores
