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1、GlobalchangeandspeciesinteractionsinterrestrialecosystemsJasonM.Tylianakis,1*RaphaelK.Didham,1JordiBascompte2andDavidA.Wardle31SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofCanterbury,PrivateBag4800,Christchurch8140,NewZealand2IntegrativeEcologyGroup,Estacio′nBi
2、olo′gicadeDon?ana,CSIC,Apdo.1056,E-41080Sevilla,Spain3DepartmentofForestEcologyandManagement,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalScience,S90183Umea?,Sweden*Correspondence:E-mail:jason.tylianakis@canterbury.ac.nzAbstractThemaindriversofglobalenvironmentalchang
3、e(CO2enrichment,nitrogendeposition,climate,bioticinvasionsandlanduse)causeextinctionsandalterspeciesdistributions,andrecentevidenceshowsthattheyexertpervasiveimpactsonvariousantagonisticandmutualisticinteractionsamongspecies.Inthisreview,wesynthesizedataf
4、rom688publishedstudiestoshowthatthesedriversoftenaltercompetitiveinteractionsamongplantsandanimals,exertmultitrophiceffectsonthedecomposerfoodweb,increaseintensityofpathogeninfection,weakenmutualismsinvolvingplants,andenhanceherbivorywhilehavingvariableef
5、fectsonpredation.ArecurrentfindingisthatthereissubstantialvariabilityamongstudiesinboththemagnitudeanddirectionofeffectsofanygivenGECdriveronanygiventypeofbioticinteraction.Further,weshowthathigherordereffectsamongmultipledriversactingsimultaneouslycreate
6、challengesinpredictingfutureresponsestoglobalenvironmentalchange,andthatextrapolatingthesecompleximpactsacrossentirenetworksofspeciesinteractionsyieldsunanticipatedeffectsonecosystems.Finally,weconcludethatinordertoreliablypredicttheeffectsofGEConcommunit
7、yandecosystemprocesses,thegreatestsinglechallengewillbetodeterminehowbioticandabioticcontextaltersthedirectionandmagnitudeofGECeffectsonbioticinteractions.KeywordsClimatechange,CO2,competition,disease,foodweb,globalwarming,interactioneffect,land-usechange
8、,mycorrhiza,nitrogendeposition,parasite,pollination,seeddispersal.INTRODUCTION‘‘Itwouldnotbesurprisingtoseeentirepatternsofcommunityorganizationjumbledasaresultofglobalchange’’(Kareivaetal.1993,p.1).Theworldanditsec
